Transcript NEW COVER SLIDE- qinfo with p & a

Ultracold atoms and
Bose-Einstein condensation…
Aephraim Steinberg
(and the web!)
How scientists brag...
(Does this mean much? If so, what? And who picked the key words?)
Play your own games at the Web of Science or INSPEC
(http://isi6.isiknowledge.com/portal.cgi/WOS et al via www.library.utoronto.ca/resources/)
HISTORY
Prehistory:
1930s:
1976:
1980s:
Parallel:
1988:
1995:
1996:
1997:
2001:
now:
Fermions vs Bosons (Bose & Einstein, 1924-5)
periodic table versus laser
particle versus wave?
London… superfluidity due to BEC?
…superconductivity too?
Stwalley/Noganow: spin-polarized H?
Silvera/Walraven, Hess, Kleppner,…
Evaporative cooling
Development of laser cooling
Anomalously low temperatures!
The race is on…
BEC in Rb, Na, almost Li (a<0!)…
Nobel prize -- for Helium 3!
Nobel prize -- for laser cooling!
Nobel prize -- for BEC, at long last.
the interesting stuff!
See: http://www.nobel.se (Nobel homepage)
and http://physicsweb.org/articles/world/10/3/3
and http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/bec/
and http://cua.mit.edu/ketterle_group/ and so on...
Phase diagram of just about anything…
"If it were really impossible, why would they bother to forbid it?"
(Eric Cornell paraphrasing Joseph Heller)
HOW COLD MUST YOU
GET?
Need 1 atom per cubic wavelength…
wavelength = 1 / momentum… water would need
to be near 3 degrees K, but solidifies first (cf He!)
Alkalis solidify too; need densities millions of times lower
than air: need temperatures less than 1 uK!
In particular: get atoms within 1 optical wavelength of
each other, and keep their momentum < photon's.
Laser cooling alone can't do it (understood by mid 90s);
steal "evaporative cooling" idea from Hydrogen crowd.
RF cooling, a la Ketterle (MIT)
Number of atoms in ground state, vs temperature:
A quantum phase transition.
The third group to get there?
What would you do?
Close to 100 BEC's by 2005.
Thirty-five new reports of laboratory observations of BEC in atomic gases have come in since May, 1997:
July 11, 2002: Hold the phone!
July 3, 2002: First in China
June 28, 2002: Home of the whopper
April 8, 2002: Formula One in Oxford
December 21, 2001: Japan 4
December 12, 2001: BEC am Bodensee!
November 21, 2001: Rubidium at NIST Gaithersburg
October 31, 2001: Special K
June 19, 2001: German Micro BEC at Tübingen
May 18, 2001: Vive la difference!
May 17, 2001: Strine debut
May 11, 2001: Optical route through Georgia
March 12, 2001: Grail in sight in Holy Land!
February 23, 2001: Helium work is really hopping in France!
February 16, 2001: He has arrived!
January 31, 2001: It's freezing in Paris-Nord
July 21, 2000: Third Japanese condensate
November 21, 1999: A Pisa the action
July, 1999: Dutch Treat
June 23, 1999: New Rubidium Gelato Taste Treat
March 29, 1999: The Game's Afoot in Oxford
December 30, 1998: Now Kyoto
December 16, 1998: Sweet Sixteen in the Land of the Rising Sun
September 22, 1998: Cool Brittania
August 25, 1998: A First in the Southern Hemisphere
August 5, 1998: Lucky Number in Hannover
July 8, 1998: BEC in 87Rb - a new Aspect
June 24, 1998: H at Last !
May 11, 1998: Report from École Normale Supérieure
February 26, 1998: BEC at NIST Gaithersburg
January 23, 1998: Bavarian Breakthrough !
September 30, 1997: Now playing in Europe
July 10, 1997: Stanford group weighs in
July 2, 1997: BEC observed at the Rowland Institute
May 20, 1997: BEC observed at the University of Texas
2 in 1995
0 in 1996
4 in 1997
10 in 1998
...12 in 2001 .....
(How many do we need?)
Competing to build the "atom laser"…
Interference with Atoms!
Games with vortices in BEC
Qui ckTime™ and a GIF decompr essor are needed to see this picture.
Nonlinear atom optics…
Best gravimeters/accelerometers?
Quantum computers (can get
well-controlled atoms to interact
with each other)?
Model system to understand
solid-state problems (high-Tc
superconductivity etc)?
The next-generation atomic
clock
(Actually, this generation!)
QuickTi me™ and a T IFF (Uncompressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.
QuickT i me™ and a TIFF (Uncom pressed) decompressor are needed to see this picture.