Electromagnetic Radiation
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Transcript Electromagnetic Radiation
(Electron Configurations)
Electromagnetic
Radiation-form of energy
that exhibits wave-like behavior as it travels
through space.
Electromagnetic Spectrum-ordered
arrangement by wavelength or frequency for
all forms of electromagnetic radiation.
Wavelength-lambda
(λ)
The distance between corresponding points
on adjacent waves. Units: m, nm, cm, or Å
Frequency-nu (ν)
The number of waves passing a given point in
a definite amount of time. Units: hertz (Hz)
or cycles/sec = 1/sec = sec-1
When
an electric field changes, so does the
magnetic field. The changing magnetic field causes
the electric field to change. When one field
vibrates—so does the other.
RESULT-An electromagnetic wave.
Waves or Particles
Electromagnetic radiation has properties of
waves but also can be thought of as a stream of
particles.
Example: Light
Light as a wave: Light behaves as a transverse
wave which we can filter using polarized lenses.
Light as particles (photons)
When directed at a substance light can knock
electrons off of a substance (Photoelectric
effect)
c
= λ∙ν
λ = wavelength (m)
ν = frequency (Hz)
c
= speed of light= 3.0 x 108 m/sec (constant)
λ
and ν are _______________ related.
Truck-mounted helium-neon laser produces
red light whose wavelength (λ ) is 633
nanometers. Determine the frequency
(v).
*Remember that c=3.0x108m/s.
*Use the formula v= c
λ
c =3.0x108 m/s
c= λ . v
v=c / λ
λ = 633nm= 6.33x10-7m
v = 3.0x108 m/s = 0.47x 1015s-1 = 4.7x1014 s-1
6.33x10-7m
Frequency = 4.7x1014 Hz (cycles per second)
EX:
Find the frequency of a photon with a
wavelength of 434 nm.
GIVEN:
WORK:
=c
=?
= 434 nm
= 4.34 10-7 m = 3.00 108 m/s
-7 m
8
4.34
10
c = 3.00 10 m/s
= 6.91 1014 Hz
2
problems that could not be explained if
light only acted as a wave.
1.)
Emission of Light by Hot bodies:
Characteristic color given off as bodies
are heated: red yellow white
If light were a wave, energy would be given
off continually in the infrared (IR) region of
the spectrum.
2.)
Absorption of Light by Matter =
Photoelectric Effect
Light can only cause electrons to be ejected
from a metallic surface if that light is at
least a minimum threshold frequency . The
intensity is not important.
If light were only a wave intensity would be
the determining factor, not the frequency!
When
an object loses
energy, it doesn’t happen
continuously but in small
packages called “quanta”.
“Quantum”-a definite
amount of energy either
lost or gained by an atom.
“Photon”-a quantum of
light or a particle of
radiation.
Calculate
the frequency for the yelloworange light of sodium.
Calculate
the frequency for violet light.
Calculate
the frequency for the yelloworange light of sodium.
Calculate
the frequency for violet light.
E
= h∙ν
E = energy (joule)
h = Planck’s constant = 6.63 x 10-34 j∙sec
ν = frequency (Hz)
E and ν are ______________ related.
Calculate
the energy for the yellow-orange
light for sodium.
Calculate
the energy for the violet light.
Excited
State: Higher energy state than the atom
normally exists in.
Ground State: Lowest energy state “happy state”
Line Spectrum: Discrete wavelengths of light
emitted.
2 Types:
1.) Emission Spectrum: All wavelengths of light
emitted by an atom.
2.) Absorption Spectrum: All wavelengths of light
that are not absorbed by an atom. This is a continuous
spectrum with wavelengths removed that are absorbed
by the atom. These are shown as black lines for
absorbed light.
Continuous Spectrum: All wavelengths of a region
of the spectrum are represented (i.e. visible light)
Hydrogen’s spectrum can be explained with the
wave-particle theory of light.
Niel’s Bohr (1913)
1.) The electron travels in orbits (energy levels)
around the nucleus.
2.) The orbits closest to the nucleus are lowest in
energy, those further out are higher in energy.
3.) When energy is absorbed by the atom, the
electron moves into a higher energy orbit. This
energy is released when the electron falls back to a
lower energy orbit. A photon of light is emitted.
Lyman
Series-electrons
falling to the 1st orbit,
these are highest energy,
_____ region.
Balmer Series- electrons
falling to the 2nd orbit,
intermediate energy,
_______ region.
Paschen Series-electrons
falling to the 3rd orbit,
smallest energy, ______
region.
En
= (-RH) 1/n2
En
= energy of an electron in an allowed orbit
(n=1, n=2, n=3, etc.)
n = principal quantum number (1-7)
RH = Rydberg constant (2.18 x 10-18 J)
When an electron jumps between energy
levels: ΔE =Ef – Ei
By
substitution: ΔE = hν = RH(1/ni2 - 1/nf2)
When nf > ni then ΔE = (+)
When nf < ni then ΔE = (-)
DeBroglie
(1924)-Wave properties of the
electron was observed from the diffraction
pattern created by a stream of electrons.
Schrodinger (1926)-Developed an equation
that correctly accounts for the wave
property of the electron and all spectra of
atoms. (very complex)
Rather
than orbits we refer to orbitals.
These are 3-dimensional regions of space
where there is a high probability of locating
the electron.
Heisenberg Uncertainty Principle-it is not
possible to know the exact location and
momentum (speed) of an electron at the
same time.
Quantum Numbers-4 numbers that are used
to identify the highest probability location
for the electron.
1.)
Principal Quantum Number (n)
States the main energy level of the electron and
also identifies the number of sublevels that are
possible.
n=1, n=2, n=3, etc. to n=7
2.) Orbital Quantum Number
Identifies the shape of the orbital
s (2 electrons)
P (6 electrons)
d (10 electrons)
f (14 electrons)
sphere
dumbbell
1 orbital
3 orbitals
4-4 leaf clovers & 1-dumbbell w/doughnut5 orbitals
very complex
7 orbitals
3.)
Magnetic Quantum Number
Identifies the orientation in space (x, y, z)
s 1 orientation
p 3 orientations
d 5 orientations
f 7 orientations
4.) Spin Quantum Number
States the spin of the electron.
Each orbital can hold at most 2 electrons with
opposite spin.
1.)
Principal Quantum Number (n)
States the main energy level of the electron and
also identifies the number of sublevels that are
possible.
n=1, n=2, n=3, etc. to n=7
2.) Azimuthal Quantum Number (l)
Values from 0 to n-1
Identifies the shape of the orbital
l=0
l=1
l=2
l=3
s
p
d
f
sphere
dumbbell
1 orbital
3 orbitals
4-4 leaf clovers & 1-dumbbell w/doughnut5 orbitals
very complex
7 orbitals
3.)
Magnetic Quantum Number (ml)
Values from –l l
States the orientation in space (x, y, z)
ml = 0
ml = -1, 0, +1
ml = -2,-1,0,+1,+2
ml = -3,-2,-1,0,+1+2,+3
s
p
d
f
only 1 orientation
3 orientations
5 orientations
7 orientations
4.) Spin Quantum Number (ms)
Values of +1/2 to -1/2
States the spin of the electron.
Each orbital can hold at most 2 electrons with
opposite spin.