Transcript The Internet

Chapter 6
Finding Information
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Supporting Your Speech with
Research
• Aristotle, and other classical rhetoricians,
termed the process of selecting
information to illustrate or prove your
points invention.
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Getting Started
Public speakers must be selective in
choosing the right mix of supporting
materials for their topics.
Primary research is original or firsthand
research conducted by you.
Secondary research includes library and
internet resources – information which is
recorded by others
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Finding Materials Efficiently
• Begin with a purpose
statement
• Establish a research strategy
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Misconceptions
• Misconception #1
Searching websites is faster
and more efficient.
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Misconceptions
• Misconception #2
For accurate information,
websites are the best
resource.
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Major Resources
• Libraries
• Internet
• Field research
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Libraries
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Libraries
• Getting help
from librarians
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Types of Secondary Research
Sources
• Books
• Newspapers
• Periodicals
(Magazines)
• Academic Journals
• Government
Publications
• Reference Works
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Using Books
• Not only are books available at your local
library, you can also find some books
online at sources like
www.booksinprint.com/bip for a fee.
• Be prepared to read the book before you
quote it in your speech; summaries or
book reviews are not sufficient sources to
include as supporting material in a
speech.
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Using Newspapers
• Newspapers are excellent sources
for current events and narratives.
• Search online for newspaper articles through
Lexis-Nexis Academic Universe News Service,
InfoTrac Newspaper Collection, and ProQuest
which should all be available through your
campus virtual library.
• Many newspapers publish online versions of
their current print copy. Use Google search
www.google.com to find your local newspaper.
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Using Periodicals
• A periodical is a regularly published magazine or
journal which is considered credible by most
people.
• These are good sources for finding examples,
stories, and statistics on many topics.
• Your campus virtual library most likely organizes
periodicals by general topic:
i.e. business, health,
education, etc…
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Using Academic Journals
• Articles in academic journals, also called
refereed journals, are written by experts
in the field, contain many citations by
experts, and are evaluated by other
experts before they are published.
• ProQuest Research Library is an excellent
database in which to find academic
journals. Begin your search with your
campus virtual library.
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Types of Reference Works
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Encyclopedia
Almanacs & Fact Books
Biography Index
Books of Quotations
Poetry Collections
Atlases & Map Guides
TIP: You will have to go to your local library to
locate most reference works. Some reference
works are available on-line, but you must pay
careful attention to the quality and credibility of online reference works.
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Libraries
• E-books
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Libraries
• Articles unavailable via Web searches
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Interlibrary Loan
College A
College B
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The Internet
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The Internet
Web searches
• Search engines
PRO:
Often you find what you want quickly
CON:
Sometimes you get an overwhelming
number of irrelevant “hits”
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Conducting Internet Research
• The internet has made it possible for a
researcher to locate sources which
previously would have been
geographically inaccessible or would have
taken a long time to receive.
• Begin your internet research using your
campus library portal rather than a
popular search engine.
• Research found from a library database is
more likely to be credible than from an
independent website.
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Types of Internet Information
Sources
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World Wide Web
E-mail
Web discussion forums
Blogs
Listservs
Newsgroups
Real-time communication
FTP, gopher, & telnet connections
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Be a Critical Consumer
• Search engines cannot
determine the credibility or
quality of the information.
You must do this.
• When you read information
on the internet, spend a few
minutes thinking about how
your audience will receive
this source.
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Evaluating Web Sources
• Determine the authorship and
sponsorship of the website. What is the
domain, or suffix at the end of the web
address?
• Check for accuracy; when was the web
page created or last updated?
• Is the website, or the quoted references
contained on it, credible, reputable, or
independent sources?
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Unethical Information
Distinctions
• Information is data set in a context for
relevance which becomes knowledge and
generally considered a fact.
• Other types of data are not ethical:
• Propaganda
• Misinformation
• Disinformation
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Propaganda
• May be based on
false information
• May be based in
fact, but facts are
used in a way to
provoke a certain
response in the
audience
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Misinformation
• Refers to something that is not true
• Internet sources often contain stories, or urban
legends, that are fabricated and passed along
by people believing these stories to be true.
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Disinformation
• Is the deliberate falsification of information
• Companies, or other organizations with
personal interest in an issue or cause,
may be likely to post disinformation on
the internet.
• Some examples are: falsified profit-loss
statements or an altered photograph.
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Field Research
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Field Research
Personal experience
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Field Research
Investigation
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Field Research
Surveys
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Field Research
Interviews with experts
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Conducting Interviews
• An interview is a face-toface communication with
an expert for the purpose
of gaining information.
• To conduct an interview,
one must plan ahead,
prepare questions, and
structure the interview
session with an
introduction, body
(seeking questions), and
a conclusion.
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Source Citation Details to
Record
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Names of authors/editors
Title of publication
Volume, edition, or issue number
Name of publisher
Place of publication – city and state, or
internet address
• Date and year of publication
• Page numbers of articles and pages on
which the material appears
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Source Information to Record
• Direct quotations, paraphrases, specific ideas,
or theories put forth by others in the source.
• The source of facts and statistics to be used.
• Bibliographic information for examples and
stories.
• The source of testimony, as well as the date and
context related to the testimony that was given.
• Any information you may choose to use in your
visual aids, such as charts, data, photos, or
models.
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