Transcript GenocidePresentation

Pre-Writing Activity
With someone sitting next to you, discuss the
following questions:
- What is genocide?
- Where has it occurred?
Record your and your partner’s answers on a sheet of
paper that you will turn in at the end of the period.
Genocide
The eight stages of genocide, as
defined by Gregory H. Stanton
What are the eight stages of genocide?
Classification
Symbolization
Dehumanization
Organization
Polarization
Preparation
Extermination
Denial
Stage One: CLASSIFICATION
Insert Photo Here
Stage One: CLASSIFICATION
Everyday, we speak in terms of “us” and “them.” Our team and their
team. Americans and Iraqis. Christians and Muslims. Straights
and gays.
This is the first stage of genocide, though it does not mean that
every society in which classification occurs will have a genocide
occur. The more “bi-polar” the society is, the more likely a
genocide is to occur. The more separate - physically and
ideologically - these two groups in a society, the more likely that
one will attempt to exterminate the other group.
Stage One: CLASSIFICATION
ON YOUR PAPER: Think of one way in
which we separate people in our culture.
Do you think this is likely to lead to a
genocide? Why or why not?
Stage 1: Classification

“Us versus them”
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Distinguish by nationality, ethnicity, race, or religion.
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Bipolar societies (Rwanda) most likely to have genocide
because no way for classifications to fade away through
inter-marriage.

Classification is a primary method of dividing society and
creating a power struggle between groups.
Classification (Rwanda)
Belgian colonialists believed Tutsis were a naturally superior nobility,
descended from the Israelite tribe of Ham. The Rwandan royalty was Tutsi.
Belgians distinguished between Hutus and Tutsis by nose size, height & eye
type. Another indicator to distinguish Hutu farmers from Tutsi pastoralists
was the number of cattle owned.
Prevention: Classification

Promote common identities (national,
religious, human.)

Use common languages (Swahili in Tanzania,
science, music.)

Actively oppose racist and divisive politicians
and parties.
Stage Two: SYMBOLIZATION
Stage Two: SYMBOLIZATION
Once groups are classified, they typically - either of their own
volition to establish their identity or by force so that the dominant
group can easily identify them - adopt symbols so that they can
be told apart.
In some cases - particularly where race or ethnicity is concerned symbolization occurs even before classification, as the symbols
that suggest they belong with a certain group are innate, such as
the color of their skin or their physical features.
Again, this stage is one that does not necessarily lead to genocide.
Stage 2: Symbolization

Names: “Jew”, “German”, “Hutu”, “Tutsi”.
 Languages.
 Types
of dress.
Group uniforms: Nazi Swastika armbands
Colors and religious symbols:
•Yellow star for Jews
•Blue checked scarf Eastern Zone in Cambodia
Stage 2: Symbolization (Rwanda)
“Ethnicity” was first noted on cards by Belgian Colonial Authorities in 1933.
Tutsis were given access to limited education programs and Catholic
priesthood. Hutus were given less assistance by colonial auhorities.
At independence, these preferences were reversed. Hutus were favored.
These ID cards were later used to distinguish Tutsis from Hutus in the 1994
massacres of Tutsis and moderate Hutus that resulted in 800,000+ deaths.
Symbolization (Nazi Germany)
Jewish Passport: “Reisepäss”
Required to be carried by all Jews by 1938. Preceded the yellow star.
Symbolization (Nazi Germany)
Nazis required the yellow Star of David emblem to be
worn by nearly all Jews in Nazi-occupied Europe by 1941.
Symbolization (Nazi Germany)
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Homosexuals = pink triangles
Identified homosexuals to SS guards in the camps
Caused discrimination by fellow inmates who shunned
homosexuals
Symbolization (Cambodia)
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People in the Eastern
Zone, near Vietnam,
were accused of having
“Khmer bodies, but
Vietnamese heads.”
They were deported to
other areas to be
worked to death.
They were marked
with a blue and white
checked scarf (Kroma)
Stage Two: SYMBOLIZATION
ON YOUR PAPER: Do groups you
identified for the last stage have symbols
that allow them - or others - to tell them
apart? If so, what are they?
Prevention: Symbolization
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Get ethnic, religious, racial, and national
identities removed from ID cards, passports.
Protest imposition of marking symbols on
targeted groups (yellow cloth on Hindus in
Taliban Afghanistan).
Protest negative or racist words for groups
(“niggers, kaffirs,” etc.) Work to make them
culturally unacceptable.
Stage Three: DEHUMANIZATION
Stage Three: DEHUMANIZATION
One group denies the humanity of the other
group. Members of that group are equated
with rodents, insects, other vermin, and even
diseases.
If this stage takes hold, it becomes more
difficult to stop the progression of genocide.
Stage 3: Dehumanization

One group denies the humanity of another group, and makes the
victim group seem subhuman.

Dehumanization overcomes the normal human revulsion against
murder.
.
Der Stürmer Nazi Newspaper:
“The Blood Flows; The Jew Grins”
Kangura Newspaper, Rwanda: “The
Solution for Tutsi Cockroaches”
Dehumanization
From a Nazi SS Propaganda Pamphlet:
Caption: Does the same soul dwell in these bodies?
Dehumanization

Hate propaganda in speeches, print and on hate radios vilify the
victim group.

Members of the victim group are described as animals, vermin,
and diseases. Hate radio, Radio Télévision Libre des Mille Collines, during
the Rwandan genocide in 1994, broadcast anti-Tutsi messages like “kill the
cockroaches” and “If this disease is not treated immediately, it will
destroy all the Hutu.”
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Dehumanization invokes superiority of one group and
inferiority of the “other.”
Dehumanization justifies murder by calling it “ethnic cleansing,” or
“purification.” Such euphemisms hide the horror of mass murder.
Stage Three: DEHUMANIZATION
ON YOUR PAPER: Why is it necessary for a
dominant power to dehumanize the victims
of a genocide? Why would it be
impossible for a genocide to accomplish its
goal without this stage?
Prevention: Dehumanization
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Vigorously protest use of dehumanizing
words that refer to people as “filth,”
“vermin,” animals or diseases. Deny people
using such words visas and freeze their
foreign assets and contributions.
Prosecute hate crimes and incitements to
commit genocide.
Jam or shut down hate radio and television
stations where there is danger of genocide.
Prevention: Dehumanization
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Provide programs for tolerance to radio, TV,
and newspapers.
Enlist religious and political leaders to
speak out and educate for tolerance.
Organize inter-ethnic, interfaith, and interracial groups to work against hate and
genocide.
Stage Four: ORGANIZATION
Stage Four: ORGANIZATION
In order for the final stages of genocide to take place, organization
must occur. The group that organizes in preparation is typically
part of the state due to the amount of financial support required.
It can, however, be a terrorist group; because of the amount of
organization required, though, any group that successfully
organizes a genocide is usually sanctioned - at least to some
extent - by a state.
To a certain extent, you should think of this stage as the proverbial
“calm before the storm.” The roots of the final stages are
beginning to take hold, but very little is actually being done to the
victimized group yet.
Stage 4: Organization
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Genocide is a group crime, so must be organized.
The state usually organizes, arms and financially supports the groups
that conduct the genocidal massacres. (State organization is not a legal
requirement --Indian partition.)
Plans are made by elites for a “final solution” of genocidal killings.
Organization (Rwanda)

“Hutu Power” elites
armed youth militias called
Interahamwe ("Those
Who Stand Together”).

The government and Hutu
Power businessmen
provided the militias with
over 500,000 machetes and
other arms and set up
camps to train them to
“protect their villages” by
exterminating every Tutsi.
Prevention: Organization
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Treat genocidal groups as the organized crime
groups they are. Make membership in them illegal
and demand that their leaders be arrested.
Deny visas to leaders of hate groups and freeze
their foreign assets.
Impose arms embargoes on hate groups and
governments supporting ethnic or religious hatred.
Create UN commissions to enforce such arms
embargoes and call on UN members to arrest arms
merchants who violate them.
Stage Four: ORGANIZATION
ON YOUR PAPER: What specifics would
have to be worked out by the enactors of a
genocide?
Stage Five: POLARIZATION
“Go where you wanted me to go,
you evil spirit.”
Stage 5: Polarization
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Extremists drive the groups apart.
Hate groups broadcast and print polarizing propaganda.
Laws are passed that forbid intermarriage or social interaction.
Political moderates are silenced, threatened and intimidated, and
killed.
•Public demonstrations
were organized against
Jewish merchants.
• Moderate German
dissenters were the first
to be arrested and sent
to concentration camps.
Polarization

Attacks are staged
and blamed on
targeted groups.
In Germany, the Reichstag fire
was blamed on Jewish
Communists in 1933.
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Cultural centers of
targeted groups are
attacked.
On Kristalnacht in 1938,
hundreds of synagogues were
burned.
Stage Five: POLARIZATION
During this stage, the groups are driven even further apart
ideologically. Hate groups begin broadcasting propaganda
with greater frequency, and laws typically are enacted to
forbid any sort of relations between the two groups.
At this stage, it is not just the victimized group that suffers.
Any “sympathizers” or moderates are either threatened or
attacked by the dominant, oppressing group.
Prevention: Polarization
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Vigorously protest laws or policies that segregate
or marginalize groups, or that deprive whole
groups of citizenship rights.

Physically protect moderate leaders, by use of
armed guards and armored vehicles.
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Demand the release of moderate leaders if they are
arrested. Demand and conduct investigations if
they are murdered.
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Oppose coups d’état by extremists.
Stage Five: POLARIZATION
ON YOUR PAPER: Have you ever seen a
piece of propaganda intended to polarize
groups? If you have, please describe it. If
you have not, please try to imagine what it
might look like.
Stage Six: PREPARATION
Stage Six: PREPARATION
Whereas in the previous stage the victimized group was separated
ideologically from the dominant group, in this stage the
victimized group is separated physically from the rest of the
society.
The victimized group or groups are gathered together, either in
ghettoes or concentration camps. At times, they are even forced
into a famine-struck area and starved, beginning the seventh stage
of genocide.
At this stage, the world typically becomes aware of what is going
on, whether they actually step in or not.
Stage 6: Preparation
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Members of victim
groups are forced to
wear identifying
symbols.

Death lists are made.
Victims are separated

because of their ethnic or
religious identity.
Preparation
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Segregation into
ghettoes is imposed,
victims are forced into
concentration camps.
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Victims are also deported
to famine-struck regions
for starvation.
Forced Resettlement into
Ghettos – Poland 1939 - 1942
Preparation

Weapons for killing are
stock-piled.

Extermination
camps are even built.
This build- up of killing
capacity is a major step
towards actual genocide.
Prevention: Preparation

With evidence of death lists, arms shipments,
militia training, and trial massacres, a Genocide
Alert™ should be declared.

UN Security Council should warn it will act (but
only if it really will act.)
Diplomats must warn potential perpetrators.
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Humanitarian relief should be prepared.
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Military intervention forces should be organized,
including logistics and financing.
Stage Six: PREPARATION
ON YOUR PAPER: Assuming that at this stage,
the world cannot help but notice that the
victimized group is being forced from their
homes in preparation to be slaughtered, why
wouldn’t this be the stage where every genocide
ends?
This is not a rhetorical question.
Stage Seven: EXTERMINATION
This is the stage where this process legally
becomes genocide. Mass killings occur
quickly and systematically. When
genocide is sponsored by the state, as it
almost always is, the armed forces typically
work with well-organized militias to
exterminate the victims.
Stage 7: Extermination (Genocide)

Extermination
begins, and
becomes the mass
killing legally called
"genocide." Most
genocide is
committed by
governments.
Einsatzgrupen: Nazi Killing Squads
Stage Seven: EXTERMINATION
ON YOUR PAPER: What previous stage or stages
allow(s) extermination to happen so quickly? If
you think that the answer is “all of them,” please
identify which stage or stages most enable the
rapidity of the execution.
Extermination (Genocide)
Government organized extermination
of Tutsis in Rwanda in 1994
Extermination (Genocide)
•The killing is
“extermination” to
the killers because
they do not believe
the victims are fully
human. They are
“cleansing” the
society of
impurities, disease,
animals, vermin,
“cockroaches,” or
enemies.
Roma (Gypsies) in a Nazi
death camp
Extermination: Stopping Genocide
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Regional organizations, national governments,
and the UN Security Council should impose
targeted sanctions to undermine the economic
viability of the perpetrator regime.
Sales of oil and imports of gasoline should be
stopped by blockade of ports and land routes.
Perpetrators should be indicted by the
International Criminal Court.
Extermination: Stopping Genocide
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The UN Security Council should authorize armed
intervention by regional military forces or by a UN
force under Chapter Seven of the UN Charter.
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The Mandate must include protection of civilians and
humanitarian workers and a No Fly Zone.
The Rules of Engagement must be robust and include
aggressive prevention of killing.
The major military powers must provide leadership,
logistics, airlift, communications, and financing.
If the state where the genocide is underway will not
permit entry, its UN membership should be suspended.
Stage Eight: DENIAL
Stage 8: Denial
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Denial is always found in genocide, both during
it and after it.
Continuing denial is among the surest indicators
of further genocidal massacres.
Denial extends the crime of genocide to future
generations of the victims. It is a continuation
of the intent to destroy the group.
The tactics of denial are predictable.
Denial: Deny the Evidence.
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Deny that there was any mass killing at all.
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Question and minimize the statistics.
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Block access to archives and witnesses.
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Intimidate or kill eye-witnesses.
Denial: Deny the Evidence

Destroy the evidence. (Burn the bodies and
the archives, dig up and burn the mass
graves, throw bodies in rivers or seas.)
Holocaust Death-Camp Crematoria
Stage Eight: DENIAL
If intervention does not occur during the seventh stage of genocide,
denial always follows extermination. Mass graves are dug up and
bodies are burned; the evidence that the genocide ever occurred is
systematically eradicated. Witnesses are bribed, intimidated, or
killed.
Investigations into the crimes are blocked by the government that
committed the atrocities.
Typically, the victims of the genocide are blamed for their fates if
their disappearance is brought up.
Stage Eight: DENIAL
ON YOUR PAPER: Think about the psychological
factors that would contribute to the effectiveness
of the denial. How could someone who
witnessed or took part in a genocide come to
believe that a genocide had not occurred?
Homework
ON YOUR PAPER: How has your understanding of
genocide changed during this class period?
Assuming that I did not show you this to make you
uncomfortable or sicken you, why did I share these
stages and these images of genocide with you?
Please write roughly half of a page.
You will turn this in at the beginning of class
tomorrow for two summative writing grades.
You can find the information in this presentation
at www.genocidewatch.org/8stages.htm. This
website also contains suggestions about how to
stop genocide at each of the stages.
Images taken from http://www.calvin.edu/academic/cas/gpa/sturmer.htm and various
sources found through Google Images.
Genocide in History
 There are many cases of Genocide which have existed
throughout our history dating back to biblical times.
Genocides From 1500-1950
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The Native Canadian people(Mi’kmaw, Beothuk)
The Congo 1820-1920
Ottoman Empire
(1932–1933) Holodomor
World War II
 Mao Zedong
Native Canadian People
Population declined 80-90% in the first 100 years
 After the arrival of the Europeans in 1492- Native
populations began to drastically decrease.
 Some methods of genocide included
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Murder
Infected smallpox blankets
Scalping Proclamations
Treaties
Centralization (1942)
The Indian Act (Residential Schools) 1928-1982
The Congo21.5 million people
died in Congo from 1880-1920
The population decreased due to murder,
disease, starvation.
 Congo “Free State” was privately owned
by King Leopold II and he started the mass
murders and slave labor.
In 1908 end of
Leopold’s rule
Holodomor 1932-1933
7,000,000 to 15,000,000 people, mostly Ukrainians, died
 Famine was the act of Genocide committed by the
Soviet Govern.
 In 1932 the Soviets increased grain production 44%,
which resulted in Grain Shortage- the peasants
could not feed themselves. The Soviet knew this, but
would not let them eat (by law) until the quota was
met.
 They could not travel for food.
 Stalin states that “"the great bulk (of the 10 million)
were very unpopular and were wiped out by their
labourers."
Armenian Genocide (1915-1923) Up to 1.5 million Armenians
were slaughtered
 The Ottoman Empire (Turkish) existed from 1299
to 1923. They were responsible for the following:
 Deportation of 2,000,000 from their homeland1,500,000 of the men, women and children were then
murdered.
 500,000 were expelled from the Armenian homeland
which existed for 2,500 years.
 The Turkish gov. disputes these charges
15 countries agree (France and Russia)
WORLD WAR II 1939-1945
Over 11 million People were killed.
 During the Holocaust the Nazis’ killed
6million Jews, 3 million POW’s, 2 million
Poles and 400,000 other “undesirables”(slaves,
homosexuals and communists)
The holocaust was most predominant from previous
genocides because of the cruelty, scale and
efficiency of the mass murders.
People were killed by: open-air shootings, by killing
squads, extermination camps (gas chambers,
mass shootings)
Mao Zedong killed 30 million Chinese
people during his reign in 1945-1976
Although World War II is the most common
Genocide that occurred during 1500-1950’s, it is
very important for us to understand the other cases
of Genocide that have occurred throughout our
history and our World.
Genocides from 1951-Present
Cambodia (1975–1979)
Saddam Hussein's Baath Party
Rwanda 1994
Sudan
Cambodia 1975-1979
The Khmer Rouge killed 1.7 million
 The communist party Khmer Rouge ruled
Cambodia from 1975-1979. They were
responsible for forced labour, starvation, and
execution.
 This was one of the most lethal regimes of the
20th century.
 This communist party killed “suspect ethnic
groups”- Chinese, Vietnamese,Buddhist monks,
and refugees.
Saddam Hussein’s Baath Party
 In 1987-1991 (approx) the Baath Party killed 100,000
Kurds. (The Kurds are people of Indo-European origin
who live mainly in the mountains and uplands where
Turkey, Iraq, and Iran meet, in an area known as
"Kurdistan" for hundreds of years)
 The Gulf War (1990) It is estimated that 300,000 people
are buried in 260 mass graves.
 1991-2003- Estimates of 500,000 to 1.2 million people
were killed through bombings.
 After the September 11, 2001 attacks- the US invaded
Iraq-2003 Saddam was captured.
RWANDA 1994
 The Rwandan Genocide was the slaughter of an estimated
800,000 to 1,000,000 Tutsis and moderate Hutus, mostly
carried out by two extremist Hutu militia groups (Interahamwe
and Impuzamugambi) during a period of 100 days from April
6th through mid-July 1994.
 The Western and First World Countries did nothing to help this
situation.
 Prior to the attacks the UN did not respond to reports of the
Hutu plans.
 This Genocide was ended when the Tutsi rebel movement
(Rwandese Political Front) lead by Paul Kagame seized power
of the Hutu Government.
Rwanda 1994
 “Hutu Mobs armed with machetes and other weapons
killed roughly 8,000 Tutsis a day during a three-month
campaign of terror. Powerful nations stood by as the
slaughter surged on despite pleas from Rwandan and
UN observers”
National Geographic
2006.
Sudan Civil War 1983 Sudan signed a peace agreement in 2002- where
they were accused of genocide.
 Since the civil war began in 1983:
 2,000,000 people have been killed
 4, 000, 000 people have been displaced.
Mukesh Kapila ( UN coordinator) has stated that
"This is
more than just a conflict. It is an organised attempt [by Khartoum] to do away with
a group of people. The only difference between Rwanda [in 1994] and Darfur now
is the numbers of dead, murdered, tortured and raped involved“.
Sudan Cont…
 In 2004, it became widely known that a nomadic
group Janjaweed was trying to get rid of 80 black
African groups in the Darfur region.
 This was is very similar to Rwanda. However
professional/intellectuals are not being attackedit is a fight between the nomads and farmers for
land.
 There is risk of famine and a threat to
international security.