Transcript Period 7 Notes Week 2x

ANALYZE THE 1912 ELECTION USING THE MATERIALS
PROVIDED. ANSWER THE QUESTIONS FOR THE READING ON A
SEPARATE SHEET OF PAPER TO BE TURNED IN!
ADD THIS QUESTION AS QUESTION #5: WHY DID
WOODROW WILSON WIN THE 1912 ELECTION WHEN HE
ONLY HAD 41.8% OF THE VOTE? SHOULD PRESIDENTS
BE VOTED BY MAJORITY?
TURN IN THIS ASSIGNMENT WITH YOUR ESSAY
FROM LAST NIGHT WHEN YOU FINISH!
THE SOONER YOU ARE DONE WITH THIS THE SOONER WE CAN START OUR
GROUP WORK SO PLEASE HURRY!!!!!!
Progressives at Home

REVIEW:The US population growth:
 swamped
municipal services
 caused terrible housing and sanitary conditions
 aggravated class differences and conflicts

The physical deterioration, ethnic diversity,
and social instability alarmed native-born
reformers who tried to clean up cities and
quickly “Americanize” immigrants.
Migrants and Immigrants

In the late 19th century, “new immigrants” from
southern and eastern Europe arrived






Italians
Slavs
Greeks
Jews
Armenians (from the Middle East)
By 1890, the foreign-born and their children
accounted for 4/5’s of the population of Great
New York
Battling Poverty

Middle-class reformers also set out to relieve
poverty.

They often tended to blame:
 the
problem on character flaws of the poor
 “self-destructive”

cultural practices of the immigrants
Reformers concentrated on moral uplift and
Americanization campaigns among the needy.
Battling Poverty
Young Men’s and Young Women’s Christian
Associations offered rural young people arriving
in the cities temporary housing, recreation, and
moral strictures against alcohol and other vices
 New York Children’s Aid Society

 Charles
Loring Brace
 Founded dormitories, reading rooms, and workshops for
indigent boys
 Sent thousands of them to live with and work for families
in the Midwest
New Approaches to Social Reform
By the 1880’s, the Salvation Army and Charity
Organization Society (COS) joined the fight against
poverty
 COS preached a tough-minded approach to charity

 Insisted
that the needy must meet the standards of
responsibility and morality set by the COS’s “friendly visitors”
to receive aid

Critics charged that the COS was more interested in
“controlling the poor than in alleviating their suffering”
The Moral-Purity Campaign
 Middle-and
upper-class reformers attacked
what they considered urban vice
 Crusaders
demanded that city officials close
down gambling dens, saloons, and brothels
and censor obscene publications
 Anthony
Comstock and Charles Parkhurst
The Comstock Act

The Comstock Law is named after its author, social
crusader Anthony Comstock. After serving in the
infantry during the Civil War, Comstock moved to
New York City. In his view, as a devout Christian, the
city was filled with depravity. He began an antiobscenity crusade that included banning all
material that he deemed to be lewd. These
included literary works. He also believed that the
availability of contraceptives promoted lust.
The Comstock Act

In 1873 the Comstock Act was made law as part of a larger
bill governing the U.S. Postal Service.

The Act made it illegal for anyone, even physicians, to manufacture,
sell, or distribute birth control

The Act made it illegal for anyone to distribute any information about
birth control methods or to send “obscene” materials through the mail. Œ

Because the law prevented the sharing of information, it was used to
prohibit sex education, to censor literature (including D.H. Lawrence,
James Joyce, Edmund Wilson, Tolstoy, Balzac, and many other authors
now considered great), and to prevent people receiving publications
with any kind of sexual content (entertainment or educational) in their
homes via the U.S. mail.
The Comstock Act

In 1916, Margaret Sanger was arrested for opening the nation’s first
birth control clinic. Her case, decided in 1918, made it legal for
women to use birth control for therapeutic purposes.

In1936 the Comstock Act was amended (U.S. v. One Package) to
make it legal for physicians to distribute birth control devices and
information across state lines, including via the U.S. mail. Œ

Much of the Comstock Act remained in effect until 1965, when the
Supreme Court ruled that banning contraception was
unconstitutional. Œ

The Comstock Act has been amended several times, but it has never
been repealed.
Socialist Party






Eugene V. Debs
Founder of the Socialist party
Candidate in 5 presidential elections
Railway union leader
Jailed for the Pullman Strike
Critical of business; champion of labor
Joined with the Progressives…on issues of minimum wage and compensation
Sought Radical Reforms:
1.
Public ownership of railroads
2.
Public ownership of utilities
3.
Public ownership of oil & steel industries
November 5, 1912- Woodrow Wilson elected
president

Democratic Party nominee Woodrow Wilson won the presidential election, beating out
three other candidates: Republican incumbent William Howard Taft, Progressive Party
nominee Theodore Roosevelt, and Socialist Party nominee Eugene V. Debs.
Candidates:
Taft
Roosevelt
Wilson
Debs
Party:
Republican
Bull Moose
Democrat
Socialist
•Campaign:
•Unpopular
•“New
Nationalism”
•More
government
regulation
•Woman
suffrage
•Social welfare
programs
•“New
Freedom”
•Limit big
business
•End
corruption
•Revive
competition
•Support small
businesses
•Too radical
Results:
23%
27%
41% WON
EASILY
6%
Wilson’s “New Freedom”
2nd Democrat since the war; 1st southerner since Taylor;
believed a President should actively lead Congress.
Tariff Reduction
• Passed Underwood Tariff of 1913: lowered tariffs for the 1st
time in 50 years.
• Established a graduated income tax from 1% to 6%
 Business Regulation
• Clayton Anti-Trust Act : strengthened the Sherman Antitrust Act and exempted unions from being tried as trusts.
• Federal Trade Commission: took action against “unfair
practice” (except banking and railroads)

Wilson’s “New Freedom”
2nd Democrat since the war; 1st southerner since Taylor;
believed a President should actively lead Congress.
Banking Reform


•
•
Saw the gold standard as too inflexible and influenced by stock
speculators
Proposed National Banking System with 12 district banks supervised
by a federal reserve
 Federal Reserve Act (1914): Americans used federal reserve notes
(dollars) issued by the federally regulated banking system.
Other Reforms
Federal Farm Loan Act: 12 regional farm loan banks provided loans
to farms at low interest rates.
Child Labor Act: prohibited the shipping of products manufactured
by children under 14 years of age [Supreme Court found this
unconstitutional in Hammer v. Dagenhart]
July
th
28 ,
1914- World War I begins
• The Great War began when Austria, assured of Germany’s support, declared
war against Serbia, and Russia mobilized on Serbia’s side. President Woodrow
Wilson issued a declaration of American neutrality in the European war.
What do you see?
World War One
The War to End All
Wars
US INVOLVEMENT IN WWI
Causes of American Involvement
A.
B.
C.
D.
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
British propaganda
Zimmerman Telegraph
Russian Revolution
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Germany created new submarine called the ”U-Boat”
• British blockaded North Sea, so Germany gave a “sink on sight” order
to any ship approaching Britain
• May 7th, 1915-British passenger liner the “Lusitania” sunk off the
coast of Ireland
• Killed 128 Americans
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• Aug. 1915- The Arabic is
sunk by the Germans
• 2 Americans are killed
Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
• March 1916-The Sussex, an unarmed
passenger ship is sunk
• America threatens to cut off diplomatic
relations
• Sussex pledge- no passenger or
merchant ships would be sunk without
warning
British Propaganda
• The British sent news of the war to US
newspapers everyday which were Full of
Propaganda
• Led the American public to be sympathetic
toward the British
British Propaganda
Zimmerman Telegram
• March 1917-British authorities gave to the US a telegram
that was supposedly sent to Mexico from Germany
• It had been decoded by the British
• It asked Mexico to declare war on the US and they would be
supported by Germany
Russian Revolution
• March 1917-Russia left WWI due to a Revolution in their own country
• Germany now would concentrate totally on the Western Front
• Pleas from Great Britain and France to join the war effort
Declaration of War
• April 2, 1917-Wilson asks Congress to declare war on Germany
• “The World must be made safe for Democracy”
• April 6th-Congress votes and declares war
Mobilization
• Europe needed munitions and
supplies-immediate action
• Encouraged people to eat less
meat and bread
• Invented Daylight Savings to
conserve fuel
Mobilization
• Convinced Americans to put
savings into “Liberty Bonds”
• Increased income tax, business
tax, and excise tax
US Propaganda
• Made heroes out of soldiers and
villains out of the Germans
• Attacked and gave new names to
anything that sounded German
US Propaganda
Civil Liberties
• Espionage Act of 1917-imprisoned for 20 years if caught inciting a riot
or obstructing the draft
• Sedition Act of 1918-Prohibited from making disloyal remarks
• Schneck v. US (1919)-Restriction of civil liberties. Is ok if it
demonstrates a “clear and present danger” to public safety
Minorities
• Women-Entered the workforce in mass, took the jobs of soldiers
fighting in Europe
• Mexicans-immigrating in mass to get agricultural work in the
southwest
• African-Americans-400,000 volunteered for the armed services,
served in non-combat roles, and in segregated units
Armed Forces
• Thousands volunteered
• Selective Service Act (1917)-2.8
million drafted by lottery
• American Expeditionary Force (AEF)
led by General John J. “Black Jack”
Pershing
Casualties
• 49,000-Combat Deaths
• 64,000-Died from Disease
• Worldwide Flu Epidemic
Armistice
• November 11, 1918 at 11am
• “On the 11th day of the 11th month at the 11th hour”
• Memorialized-Veterans Day
• Germany surrendered their arms, Navy, and occupied territory
Wilson’s 14 Points Reading
Let’s READ!
Discussion
• What was Woodrow Wilson trying to accomplish with the
Fourteen Points?
• How realistic were Wilson’s ideas? Explain.
• How idealistic were Wilson’s ideas? Explain
• Do the Fourteen Points address the causes of WWI? If yes,
which ones?
• If you were a member of the Triple Entente (Britain, Russia,
France) would you be satisfied with President Wilson’s 14
Points for a peace negotiation? Why or why not?
Define the following words to the
best of your ability:
Capitalism
Communism
Socialism
Communism

Communism is a theory. It says that one day all
the people/workers will own all the ways of
making money—all the land, all the machines, all
the stores (so there will be no private business,
and there will be no way for one person to
become very rich).
Socialism

In this theory, socialism is when you’re on the way to
communism.
Today, many people believe in socialist ideas without
necessarily believing in communism.
Some signs of socialism would be government owning of
major private businesses (like banks); government owning of
major public services (like hospitals and healthcare); and laws
that make rich people contribute more taxes so that there isn’t
a huge difference between rich and poor.

In the United States, there’s been a long history of
fear of communism and suppression of socialist
ideas because the ideas of communism and
socialism threaten the individual’s right to private
wealth.

In the early 1900s, many people in
the United States believed in
socialism.
Why Socialism?

Industrialization created a huge gap between rich and
poor and when people looked around, they thought
that wasn’t fair.
Many people joined labor unions. Not all labor unions
were socialist. Some, like the American Federation of
Labor (A.F.L.), thought they would be more successful
by only organizing skilled workers. But some labor
unions, like the International Workers of the WorldI.W.W., were socialist—wanted all workers to unite
(black, white, men, women, skilled, unskilled).
Why Socialism?

In 1917, the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia
established a communist country. Many people in the
United States were inspired by their success. Others
were very scared by the potential spread of
communism.
Why Socialism?

At this time, some people were also anarchists—
people who didn’t believe in any government. Some
anarchists thought the government should be
overthrown with violence. Although anarchists,
socialists, and communists shared some of the same
ideas (for example, they all opposed government
protection of private wealth), they represented
different theories.

Today, we’re going to learn about what
happened to people who believed in socialist
ideas right after WWI.

 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_nOzlo8gSlQ
Let’s READ!

“The Case Against the "Reds"
You READ!

“Emma Goldman Deportation
Statement”
Answer questions at the end.
Let’s Discuss

According to Document A, who is Palmer going to arrest?
According to Document B, who did Palmer arrest?
What is happening at this time?
Why does Palmer think Goldman is dangerous? Why does
Goldman think Palmer is violating her rights?
Why did the nation allow the Palmer Raids to take place?
Why were people so afraid of anarchists, socialists and
communists?
Partner Reading and Questions

“Sacco and Vanzetti Trial”
http://video.about.com/history1900s/Saccoand-Vanzetti.htm
More about the Red Scare…

 The “Red Scare” technically ended in 1920, but in many ways the 1920s
continued to be a time of intolerance.
 The evidence in the Sacco and Vanzetti trial was very sketchy and many have
argued that their trial was extremely unfair but they were executed in 1927.
 KKK membership exploded—at its peak in 1924 it had 4 million members.
 National Origins Act of 1924 severely restricted immigration by setting quotas
and limited the number of immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe
(favoring immigrants from Northwest Europe). Because Western Hemisphere
was excluded from the National Origins Act, this actually became a time of
high Mexican immigration]
Urbanization & Industrialization
Do Now: Complete the reading on Jim Crow Laws
and the Great Migration and answer questions
The Harlem Renaissance
Harlem Renaissance (HR) is the name given to the
period from the end of World War I and through
the middle of the 1930s Depression, during which
a group of talented African-American writers,
thinkers and artists produced a sizable
contribution to American culture.
SOUTHERN BLACKS AND THE LURE OF THE
NORTH BEFORE AND AFTER 1914
 Most African Americans
remained in the South nearly fifty years after the
Civil War.
 There were plenty of reasons for blacks to leave the south, but little economic
advantage to moving northward.
 With outbreak of World War I, this dynamic changes because:
 1) war generates new opportunities for industry
 2) much of existing labor supply leaves work force
 3) immigrant labor pool evaporates.
 End result: The Great Migration congregated black populations in northern
cities like Chicago and New York in unprecedented numbers. The
concentration, in New York city, occurred on the upper west side, in Harlem.
Harlem, New York
THE NORTH AS PROMISED LAND
AND THE LAND OF BROKEN PROMISES
Northern
city life proves both exhilarating and extremely
troubling from World War I onward.
Economically, gains moving from the South are real, but
frustrations over their limits grow over time.
Relative to the South, the North provides greater educational,
political, social opportunities, but rising northern racism leads to
strict residential segregation that causes overcrowding, run-down
conditions, artificially high rents.
Important Features of the HR
It
became a symbol and a point of reference for everyone to
recall. The name, more than the place, became synonymous with
new vitality, Black urbanity, and Black militancy.
It became a racial focal point for Blacks the world over; it
remained for a time a race capital.
The complexity of the urban setting was important for Blacks to
truly appreciate the variety of Black life. Race consciousness
required a shared experience.
Important Features of the HR
 It
encouraged a new appreciation of folk roots and culture. Peasant
folk materials and spirituals provided a rich source for racial
imagination.
 It continued a celebration of primitivism and the mythology of an
exotic Africa that had begun in the 19th century.
 Common themes begin to emerge: alienation, marginality, the use of
folk material, the use of the blues tradition, the problems of writing for
an elite audience.
 The HR was more than just a literary movement: it included racial
consciousness, "the back to Africa" movement led by Marcus Garvey,
racial integration, the explosion of music particularly jazz, spirituals and
blues, painting, dramatic revues, and others.
Music of the HR
 Bessie
 Duke
Smith
Ellington
 Louis Armstrong
 Cab
Calloway
The Young Black Intellectuals
 Among
the important intellectuals writing and thinking during
the Harlem renaissance were W.E.B. Du Bois, Marcus Garvey,
and Alain Locke.
 The notion of "twoness," a divided awareness of one's
identity, was introduced by W.E.B. Du Bois, one of the founders
of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored
People (NAACP). and the author of the influential book The
Souls of Black Folks (1903):
"One ever feels his two-ness - an American, a Negro; two souls,
two thoughts, two unreconciled stirrings: two warring ideals in
one dark body, whose dogged strength alone keeps it from being
torn asunder."
Artists of the Harlem Renaissance
Palmer Hayden
Hale Woodruff
Edward Burra
Aaron Douglas
John Henry Adams
Laura Wheeling Waring
Jacob Lawrence
Palmer Hayden
“The Janitor Who Paints”
HALE WOODRUFF,
1934
EDWARD BURRA,
1934
Writers of the HR

Sterling Brown

Claude McKay

Langston Hughes

Zora Neal Hurston

James Weldon Johnson

Countee Cullen

Nella Larson

Richard Wright
Read more…Learn more…
You
will now complete a reading on the Harlem Renaissance
and then be asked to complete a Short Answer Quiz Question on
the Harlem Renaissance!