Transcript 4. Dictatorship intro and Italy

Two Types of Political Systems
DEMOCRACY
• Rule by people
• A form of government
characterized by majority rule,
citizen participation,
accountability, minority rights and
acceptance of opposition.
AUTHORITARIAN
• A system of government in
which the leaders take political
power and authority.
• The people submit to this
authority.
• Authoritarian governments
argue that the security and
economic interest of people are
less important than those of the
government.
IN AUTHORITARIAN SYSTEMS
• All public decisions are made by the ruling
elite regardless of public opinion.
• The rights and freedoms of individuals or
groups within society are not respected.
• The individual serves the government.
• There is no room for freedom of speech or
assembly. (seen as a threat)
• There is no political competition.
IN A DEMOCRACY
IN A dictatorship
CHARACTERISTICS OF
DICTATORSHIPS
PROPAGANDA
• All forms of media are
controlled by the government.
• News of the outside world and
news of national concern is
censored, altered, and
presented in a manner that best
serves the government.
• Propaganda is one-sided ,
heavily biased information.
INDOCTRINATION
• Usually aimed at the youth of a
nation.
• The use of distorted
information designed to
strengthen support of the
government.
• Schools serve the interests of
the state.
• Success is not measured in
creativity, but rather in
conformity.
SCAPEGOATING
• Directing grievances/problems towards other groups.
• Blaming others for your countries problems.
FORCE AND TERROR
• Terror and violence are
effective ways to subdue and
maintain control over a
population.
• Secret police are often given the
power to imprison, torture or
liquidate those that are seen as
being disloyal or a threat.
• The disappearance of these
people serve to intimidate any
potential opposition.
CONTROLLED
PARTICIPATION
• People who are allowed to
participate and contribute
to something are more
likely to support it.
• Dictatorships often stage
rallies and elections into
displays of support for the
government.
• Creation of youth groups
force the youth to take an
active role in their
country.
WHICH TECHNIQUE IS
BEING USED?
• “The men gave no reason for taking the journalist away. They didn’t
say who they were, They just took him.”
• “Since I was a child, I knew I supported the government. Everything I
have read and studied since has confirmed the correctness of this
position.”
• “You never knew if you were being watched.”
• “If we didn’t let in so many immigrants in our country we wouldn’t
have so much crime.”
• “the government held their meetings in the evening in the center of a
huge square. The area was filled with flags and men in uniform.
Thousands of people would come out to witness the drama and cheer
as they played the national anthem.”
TYPES OF DICTATORSHIPS
“What good fortune for those in
power that people do not think.”
- Adolf Hitler
“Ideas are far more powerful
than guns. We don't allow our
enemies to have guns, why
should we allow them to have
ideas?”
- Joseph Stalin
ABSOLUTE MONARCHY
King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz
• It is where one individual
has absolute control given
to him by God.
• The leader has the ability
to pass power on to his
heirs.
• It is usually a feature of a
traditional society.
• Example would be Saudi
Arabia.
MILITARY DICTATORSHIP
• Leader is in control of armed
forces
• The military ensures that the
laws, courts and police carry
out the will of the leader.
• It has an appearance of a
parliamentary type of
government, but citizens have
no say in government.
• Examples include Columbia,
Myanmar, former Afghanistan,
Chile and Iraq.
PINOCHET
Ruler of Chile(1973-1990)
Augusto Pinochet
• Became president of the Council of Chile
– A junta of military officers
Junta:
a small ruling group immediately after a coup.
– Imposed harsh military rule
• 130,000 people arrested/tortured/kidnapped.
• Proclaimed President of Chile in 1974
– Free market policies at first reduced inflation and created short
lived economic boom.
– 1982 Chile fell into an economic collapse and lost popularity.
– 1990 resigned presidency but remained Commander in Chief of the
Army.
NATIONALIST ONE PARTY STATE
(AUTHORITARIAN)
• Also known as a Fascist
government.
• It is a single mass party under
one leader.
• Extremely nationalistic, racist,
imperialistic and militaristic.
• It appears in advanced and
industrial countries.
• Has no concrete theory to
justifying its position.
• Nazi Germany and Fascist Italy
are common examples.
IDEOLOGICAL ONE PARTY STATE
(TOTALITARIAN)
• Also known as a Communist
State.
• One small political group holds
power.
• Government policy is based on
a an ideology. (equality of all)
• It appears in underdeveloped or
backwards countries that wish
to industrialize.
• The former Soviet Union and
China are examples.
The Italians Emerged As Victors
After WWI.
Then Why Fascism?
1.Divided along economic lines
North : rich
South: poor
2.
Frustration & Humiliation over lost
power in North Africa
•
desire for imperialist superiority
shattered
3.
Economically &
psychologically
drained by the
cost of the war.
• $15 billion spent
• 700,000 lives
4.
Resentment from not acquiring land promised to
them for fighting on the side of the allies. (blamed
Premier Orlando)
5. Domestic problems
•Inflation
•Strikes
•High unemployment
•Inadequate food supply
•Political instability
6. Fear of…
Socialism
&
Communism
BENITO MUSSOLINI
“IL DUCE”
• Ruled from 1922 –1943.
• Felt that democracy did
not have the strength to
survive in a violent world.
• To endure and conquer,
required directed activity
and disciplined effort.
• He believed men were at
their best while engaged in
war.
Fasces
• Mussolini is the father of
Fascism.
• While in power he
systematically reduced the
functions of government.
• He used force and violence as a
means to maintain power.
• His policies glorified the nation
and its leader.
• His skills as a public speaker
and his ability to touch the heart
of his fellow countrymen gave
many a sense of self-worth and
purpose.
Benito Mussolini
• Born July 29, 1883
• Believed he was a young Julius
Ceasar and a young Hitler
idolized him.
• Father was a socialist and
instilled strong socialist beliefs
in Benito.
• Was sent to a catholic boarding
school.
– Was a bully
– Expelled for stabbing a
student.
– 1901 received his elementary
teaching certificate.
Benito Mussolini
• 1902 left for Switzerland
but was soon arrested for
agitation and deported.
– Labor union
involvement (radical)
• 1909 married daughter of
his father’s mistress
– Had 5 children
• Jailed in 1911 for his
opposition to Italy’s war in
Libya.
• 1912 became editor of
“Avanti” socialist
newspaper.
Benito Mussolini
• Saw WWI as a capitalist
conflict
– Later changed mind and
advocated entrance on the
allied side.
• As a result fired from
“Avanti” and created his
own newspaper.
• 1916 he was drafted into
army and by 1917 was
wounded in battle and
discharged.
Benito Mussolini (II DUCE)
• 1919 formed his own
political party (fascist).
– Seen as alternate to “Red
Menace”.
– Use of “blackshirts or
squadistri” to intimidate and
gain support.
• Boasted he was the …
“One man alive that can
bring back the glory days of
the Roman Empire.”
II DUCE
• On October 28, 1922 Mussolini
led his Fascist March on
Rome.
• Mussolini was immediately
invited to form the Italian
Government by King Victor
Emmanuel III.
• After the violence of the 1924
elections resulting in the death
of Socialist party deputy
Giacomo Mattoetti. Mussolini
moved to suspend constitutional
government and establish a
totalitarian regime.
– He proceeded in stages to
establish a dictatorship by
forbidding the parliament to
initiate legislation, making him
responsible to the king alone.
II DUCE
• 1929 created the
Lateran Treaties with
the Pope.
– Mussolini recognized
Roman Catholic
Church as church of
Italy.
– Pope recognized
Mussolini as leader.
II DUCE
• 1935 invaded Ethiopia
– Withdrew from League of
Nations.
• 1936 signed the RomeBerlin axis
• 1939 sign the Pact of Steel
• 1943 Mussolini was
overthrown by Allies
placed in prison.
• Sept. 1943 Germany
invades
Video: 20th
Century:
Mussolini and
Fascists take
over Italy 1922