Transcript THE GREAT WAR - H-TownHistoryWikiPage

THE GREAT WAR
(World War I)
The War To End All Wars
►I.
The Election of 1912
 A. Candidates
►II. Woodrow Wilson
 A. Background
 B. Domestic Agenda
 C. Foreign Policy
Election of 1912
1912 Election Results
CANDIDATE PARTY
Woodrow Wilson
Theodore Roosevelt
William Taft
Eugene Debs
Eugene Chafin
Arthur Reimer
Total Votes
15,037,538
POPULAR VOTE
Democratic 6,296,547
Progressive 4,118,571
Republican 3,486,720
Socialist
900,672
Prohibition 206,275
Soc. Labor 28,750
PERCENTAGE OF POPULAR VOTE
42
27
23
----
ELECTORAL VOTE
435
88
8
----
Europe 1914
► III.
World War I
 A. Origins
► 1.
Underlying Causes




► 2.
a. Nationalism
b. Imperialism
c. Militarism
d. Alliances
Nations of Europe
 B. The Spark: June 28, 1914
 C. The Steps to War
 D. Early Battles
► 1.
East
► 2. West
 E. Stalemate
► 1.
Trench Warfare
► 2. “All Quiet …”
Kaiser Wilhelm II of Germany
Czar Nicholas II
Franz Ferdinand & Family
King Peter of Serbia
Allied Powers
► Russia
► Great
Britain
► France
► United States
Central Powers
► Austria
Hungary
► Germany
► Italy
The Spark…
…The
Tinderbox
of Europe
Archduke Franz Ferdinand
Gavrilo Princip
Archduke Franz Ferdinand and Wife
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
Trench Warfare
► IV.
The American Response
 A. Wilson and Strict Neutrality
►1.
Division in the Country and Cabinet
 B. The Drift Towards Un-Neutrality
►1.
Trade and Loans
►2. European Challenges




a. Blockades and Sinkings
b. Lusitania Incident, 1915
c. Arabic Incident, 1915
d. Sussex Incident and Pledge, 1916
 C. Unrestricted Submarine Warfare
 D. Zimmerman Telegram
U.S. Trade with Belligerents,
1914 - 1916
►
(Millions of Dollars)
►
Nation
1914
Great Britain $594 million
France
$160 million
Italy
$74 million
Germany
$345 million
►
►
►
►
1915
912
369
185
29
1916
1,527
629
269
.2 9
% change
+ 257%
+393%
+364%
- 1,150%
►
"It is inconsistent with the spirit of neutrality for a neutral nation to make loans to
belligerent nations, for money is the worst of all contrabands....The government
withdraws the protection of citizenship from those who do enlist under other flags -- why
should it give protection to money when it enters foreign military service?
►
"It is not sufficient to say that according to international law, American citizens have a
right to go anywhere....If the authorities of a city are justified in warning people off the
streets of the city in which they reside, surely a nation is justified in warning its citizens
off the water highways which belong to no nation alone.“
►
Secretary of State William Jennings Bryan
Zimmerman
Telegram
WARNING
Solider on Horseback
Soldiers / Wilhelm & Ferdinand
Soldiers Washing Clothes
Soldiers in Bunker
Time for a Haircut
A devastated landscape
An Ambulance
► V.
Mobilizing for War
 A. Woodrow Wilson’s Agenda
►1.
Uses of Publicity
►2. Collision Course with the Press 1912-1920
 B. Propaganda
►1.
George Creel
►2. Committee on Public Information (CPI)
 a. News Releases
 b. Printed Materials
 c. Direct Contact
 C. Wilson and the Press
►1.
Personality Conflict and Perception of News
►2. Selected Stories … Payback time to come!!
U.S. President Woodrow Wilson
Propaganda
Propaganda
► V.
 D. Preparing for War
►1.





►2.
Economic Regulation
a. War Industries Board
b. Fuel Administration
c. Food Administration
d. Railroad Administration
e. War Revenue Act
The Effects of Direct Control
 E. Civil Liberties
►1.
Espionage Act of 1917
►2. Sedition Act of 1918
►3. The History of Dissent
►
Table 1
Selected Economic Variables, 1916-1920
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
►
► 1916 1917
1. Industrial production (1916 =100)
100
132
2. Revenues of the federal government $930 2,373
3. Expenditures of the fed. Government $1,333 7,316
4. Army and Navy spending
$477 3,383
5. Stock of money, M2 (billions)
$20.7 24.3
6. GNP deflator (1916 =100)
100
120
7. Gross National Product (billions)
$46.0
55.1
8. Real GNP (billions of 1916 dollars) $46.0
46.0
9. Avg. earnings per full-time employee $751 748
10. Total labor force (millions)
40.1 41.5
11. Military personnel (millions)
.174 .835
1918
1919
1920
139
4,388
15,585
8,580
26.2
141
69.7
49.6
802
44.0
2.968
137
5,889
12,425
6,685
30.7
160
77.2
48.1
813
42.3
1.266
108
6,110
5,710
2,063
35.1
185
87.2
47.1
828
41.5
.353
Civil Liberties in a time of War
► Article
1, Bill of Right, United States Constitution
►Congress
shall make no law respecting
an establishment of religion, or
prohibiting the free exercise thereof; or
abridging the freedom of speech, or of
the press; or the right of the people
peaceably to assemble, and to petition
the government for a redress of
grievances. (1791)
Civil Liberties and World War I
Civil Liberties in a time of War
► Espionage
Act of 1917
 A heavy fine and 20 years in prison for anyone who:
► Aided
the enemy
► Interfered with the draft
► Encouraged disloyalty
► Refused to serve in the armed forces
► Sedition
Act of 1918
 A heavy fine and 20 years in prison for:
► Writing,
printing, publishing, or saying anything negative about
the government, constitution, flag, or the uniforms of the
soldiers.
The most stringent protection
of free speech would not
protect a man falsely
shouting fire in a theater
and causing a panic. [...] The
question in every case is
whether the words used are
used in such circumstances
and are of such a nature as to
create a clear and present
danger that they will bring
about the substantive evils
that Congress has a right to
prevent.
The question in every case is whether the words
used are used in such circumstances and are of
such a nature as to create a clear and present
danger that they will bring about the substantive
evils that the United States Congress has a right
to prevent. It is a question of proximity and
degree. When a nation is at war, many things that
might be said in time of peace are such a
hindrance to its effort that their utterance will not
be endured so long as men fight, and that no
Court could regard them as protected by any
constitutional right.
Your honor, I have stated in this court that I am opposed to the form of our
present government; that I am opposed to the social system in which we live;
that I believe in the change of both but by perfectly peaceable and orderly
means.... I am thinking this morning of the men in the mills and factories; I am
thinking of the women who, for a paltry wage, are compelled to work out their
lives; of the little children who, in this system, are robbed of their childhood, and
in their early, tender years, are seized in the remorseless grasp of Mammon, and
forced into the industrial dungeons, there to feed the machines while they
themselves are being starved body and soul....
► Your honor, I ask no mercy, I plead for no immunity. I realize that finally the right
must prevail. I never more fully comprehended than now the great struggle
between the powers of greed on the one hand and upon the other the rising
hosts of freedom. I can see the dawn of a better day of humanity. The people are
awakening. In due course of time they will come into their own.
►
►
Your Honor, years ago I recognized my kinship with all living beings, and
I made up my mind that I was not one bit better than the meanest on
earth. I said then, and I say now, that while there is a lower class, I am
in it, and while there is a criminal element I am of it, and while there is a
soul in prison, I am not free.
► VI.
The Doughboys Arrive
 A. Meanwhile in Europe…
 B. “Lafayette We Are Here…”
 C. Americans in Battle
►1.
Catigny
►2. Belleau Wood
►3. Chateau-Thierry
4. St. Mihiel
5. Meuse-Argonne
 D. Armistice: “Eleventh Hour, Eleventh Day,
Eleventh Month”
 E. The Aftermath
Americans in World War I
Post War Europe-1918
Figure 31.1: Approximate Comparative Losses in World War I
► VII.
The Peace Process
 A. Wilson and the 14 Points
► 1.
The League of Nations
 B. The Peace Conference
► 1.
The Delegation
► 2. The Versailles Treaty
 C. The Fight at Home
► 1.
Politically
 a. Supporters
 b. Reservationists
 c. Irreconcilables
► 2.
Payback Time
► 3. Wilson Tours the Nation
► 4. Senate Rejection
 a. Refusal to Compromise
 b. Defeat
Peace Process
The Treaty of Versailles
► Demanded
that Germany be punished by
being forced to pay for war damage.
► Forced Germany to give up valuable
territory.
► Destroyed the economy of Germany.
► Led to the rise of the National Socialists
(Nazi Party).
► Indirectly led to the election of Adolph
Hitler.
► Was a cause of World War II.
► VIII.
Causes of World War I Revisited
 A. German Expansionist Ambition
 B. Calculated Risk (Germany)
 C. Collective Guilt
War Profits
Company
Average profits in the last
pre-war year
Average profits during the
four years of war
U. S. Steel
$105,331,000
$259,653,000
Du Pont
$6,092,000
$58,076,000
Bethlehem Steel
$6,840,000
$49,427,000
Anaconda Copper
$10,649,000
$34,549,000
Utah Copper
$5,776,000
$21,622,000
American Smelting
$11,566,000
$18,602,000
Republic Iron and Steel
$4,177,000
$17,548,000
International Mercantile
$6,690,00
$14,229,000
Atlas Powder
$485,000
$2,374,000
American and British Man.
$172,000
$325,000
Canadian Car & Foundry
$1,335,000
$2,201,000
Crocker Wheeler
$206,000
$666,000
Hercules Powder
$1,271,000
$7,430,000
Niles, Bement Pond
$656,000
$6,146,000
Scovill Mfg. Co.
$655,000
$7,678,000
General Motors
$6,954,000
$21,700,000
World War I in 6 minutes
Musical Selection