Transcript Approaches to the world outside Group Members

Approaches to the world outside
Group Members•Veena Bhate
•Priyanka Ketkar
•Shruti Melethil
•Censorship is the suppression of speech or deletion of
communicative material which may be considered objectionable,
harmful, sensitive, or inconvenient to the government or media
organizations.
•Officer M. Jean de Pierrefeu, who edited the French communiqués
said that General Joffre and his cabinet met and argued over nouns,
adjectives, and verbs that were to be printed in the newspapers the
next morning.
•The French were not prepared for the German attack, but to confess
that, would have aroused images in the heads of civilians that might
well have turned a reverse into a disaster.
•Hence, instead of letting the public act on all the facts which the
generals knew, the authorities presented only certain facts, and these
only in such a way as would be most likely to steady people.
•In this case, the men who arranged the pseudo-environment, knew
what the real one was.
•Germans had announced through their communiqués that they had
taken the fort Douaumont by assault. French didn’t know anything
about this assault.
•Headquarters explained, “ A bitter struggle is taking place arounf the
Fort de Douaumont which is an advanced post of the old defensive
organization of Verdun. The position this morning by the enemy, after
several unsuccessful assaults that cost him very heavy losses, has
been reached again and passed by our troops whom the enemy has
not been able to drive back.”
•London, Feb.26 (1916) “ A furious struggle has been in progress
around fort de Douaumont which is an advance element of the old
defensive organization of Verdun fortresses. The position captured by
the enemy after several fruitless assaults which cost him heavy
losses, was reached again and gone beyond by our troops, which all
attempts of the enemy have not been able to push back.”
•What had actually happened, differed from both the French and the
German accounts. Yet from the communiqué everyone believed that
the fort was surrounded. The words did not explicitly say so, but, “the
press, as usual, forced the pace.”
According to M. de Pierrefeu, the French command had
converted itself to this belief- By an extraordinary
aberration of mind, only the attrition of enemy was seen;
it appeared that our forces were not subject to attrition.
We have learned to call this Propaganda.
•Propaganda- A group of men, who can
prevent independent access to the event,
arrange the news of it to suit their purpose.
•A view was designed by the French command to
neutralize the effects of German territorial
advances and the impression of power which the
persistence of the offensive was making.
-:Censorship in
today’s world:•
Censorship is the control of
the information and ideas circulated within
a society that has been a hallmark of
dictatorships throughout history.
• Dealing with corporate censorship.
• Self-censorship need of the hour in today’s
corporate world.
Examples of censorship in India
• Related to French- German attacks
• Many media stations in India provided vast
coverage of the Gujarat Riots in 2002 in which
a large number of Muslims were murdered but
have often failed to report on the persecution of
Hindus in Muslim-dominated Jammu &
Kashmir. There are also denials of the fact that
Indians in general and Hindus in particular are
being ethnically cleansed in Kashmir.
Propaganda
• Walter Lipmann – A group of men, who can
prevent independent access to the event,
arrange the news of it to suit their purpose.
• Now-a day’s media wants to control how we
think and how we behave.
• Without some form of censorship,
propaganda in the strict sense of the word
is not possible.
• Indirectly, Censorship and propaganda goes
hand-in-hand.
•Walter Lipmann says that, without some form
of censorship- propaganda in the strict sense of
the word is impossible. In order to conduct a
Propaganda there must be some barrier between
the public and the event. Access to the real
environment must be limited, before anyone can
create a pseudo-environment that he thinks wise
or desirable.
•Fraction of the whole, they often are arranged
to portray a certain, subjective interpretation of
an event. Often, those who know the “real” (true)
environment construct a favorable, fictitious
pseudo-environment in the public mind to suit
his or her private needs.
Money – show me the money
Most of the media is now privately owned and has
become a money making business.
-:Privacy:• Walter Lipmann – whether the reasons for
privacy are good or bad, the barriers exist.
Privacy is insisted upon all kinds of places in the
area of what is called as public affairs.
• News is controlled not only by censorship but
also by the following1. Size, Ownership, and Profit Orientation
2. The Advertising License to Do Business
3. Sourcing Mass Media News
Questions
• How have you got the facts on which you
base your opinions ?
• Who actually saw, heard, felt, counted,
named the thing, about which you have
an opinion ?
• Was it the man who told him or who told
you, or someone still further removed ?
• And how much was he permitted to see ?
• How was he able to watch it ?
-:CONTACT AND OPPORTUNITY:• News doesn’t reach everyone at all times
• Rough estimate of the effort it takes to reach
everybody can be gauged by considering the
government’s propaganda during the war
• The problems arising out of the means
communication are of the utmost importance.
of
The monopolizing of cables, of ports, fuel stations,
mountain passes, canals, straits, river courses,
terminals, market places means a barrier upon the
exchange of news and opinions. Thus Monopoly acts
as one of the barriers.
•Cost and availability are even greater barriers,
for if the cost of traveling and trading is
prohibitive, if the demand for facilities exceeds
the supply, the barriers exist even without
monopoly.
•Size of a man’s income is another factor
determining the communication process. With
money, he can overcome almost every tangible
obstacle of communication.
•Self-imposed limitations•Many a times, the world is waiting to be explored, but
people are stuck in their comfort zone, so much that
they talk and discuss about the same things and thus,
limit their own knowledge.
•Our social set consists of people as in the phrase“people are saying”, they are the people whose
opinions matter the most to us.
-: Social set :• Social set is were the set of ideas are
derived by a group of people with views and
opinions and categories on what coverage
of topic should be judged and what should
be omitted.
• E.g.: Here let us take in an Indian context
where cricket is the life of people; they
would accept certain things which
according to their point of view are
acceptable enough and omit the rest of it.
• A strong site of such a social set is seen when
people whose approval matters most
intimately with us too.
• For e.g. : Each social set has a fairly clear
picture of its relative position in the hierarchy
of social sets. Between sets at the same level,
association is easy, individuals are quickly
accepted, hospitality is normal and
unembarrassed. But in contact between sets
that are "higher" or "lower," there is always
reciprocal hesitation. Which are seen in love
marriages
• Social set resembles a biological clan,
because it nurture the child with basic
values of canon of Family Tradition,
Respectability, Propriety, Dignity, Taste &
Form.
• This set bounds us spiritually within and
during contact with the world too.
• This is where we tend to fix out on what
things should be accepted ,what is
admissible, and to determine how it shall be
judged.
• The enforcement of the judgment itself is
formed on patterns that may be inherited
from the past, transmitted or imitated from
other social sets is what
Lippmann believes .
• Social set plays a role in
molding mixture of idea where
we come across views from
twelve different minds and are
capable enough to make our
own judgment.
Time and Attention
• When we talk about time & attention, it is
possible to make out the rough estimation.
• Time can be calculated by the attention we
give to any particular topic.
• Three estimates that have
been examined considerably
in different place and by
different methods.
The Three estimated questions
1.How many hours do they spend on reading
a newspaper ?
2.How many newspaper do they read?
3. 5 features which interest them the most ?
• Now ,the other question arise according to
the conclusion was how much space certain
topics be given according to the interest of
readers.
• which can play an important role on seeking
the attention.
• But as the circulation increased with a size
of newspapers it gave us more than what it
gave 20 years back.
• In a penny you get to know the entire world
while comfortably sipping tea at your home.
-:SPEED, WORDS AND CLEARNESS:• Introduction –
• Competition has become increasingly keen
in the area of the mass media as they keep
fighting for the attention of the readers,
listeners, and TV-viewers.
• Framing and priming
-:WORDS:-
• Language is a communication tool
• It can be used in many different ways to express either
the same idea, or a completely different idea
• The problem arises when translators attempt to
translate word for word. This can be disastrous
because the context in which the words are used is
not taken into consideration
• Example - In English "gift" is a present, something
positive. In German, "gift" means poison. Simply
translating the word gift to another language without
taking into account the context can change the
original meaning completely
• The unseen environment is reported to us
chiefly by words (nouns, adjectives, verbs1st)
• Those few words must often for a whole
succession of acts, thoughts, feelings and
consequences
• The report from the sources is too long for
the publication, therefore the
correspondents or translators culls an item
for the print
• Editing of the news removes its importance
as only those issues are primed which will
hook readers attention
• It is also highly doubtful that supreme master of style could pack
all the elements of the truth that complete justice
• Words can make or break the news
• Representation
• If each fact and each relation had a name that was unique, and if
everyone had agreed on the names , it would be possible to
communicate without any misunderstanding
• Walter Lipmann says, ‘’A British prime minister speaking to the
whole attentive world, speaks his own meaning in his own words
to all kinds of people who will see their meaning in those words.
No matter how rich or subtle, the more his meaning will suffer as
it is sluiced into standard speech and then distributed among
alien minds.
• Words can understate or overstate a news(English word
‘AWFUL’)Therefore the reporter has to keep in mind is whatever
he writes creates a authentic map in the readers mind
Perception
• There is no certainty that the same word
will call out exact the same idea in the
reader’s mind as it did in reporter’s
• Dim picture of readers or viewers
Example of ‘bastard’, obituary translation
• Perception also includes assumption and
imagination.
Example of alien, Japan and Mexico
Translations
• When a word is to be translated we should look
after its emphasis that plays on the word
• This happens due to cross cultural differences
•
For example, the word "dude" is used as a friendly
term between buddies. There may be no equivalent
of the same word in another language. So the
translator is faced with this problem: What is
another word that can be used to express the same
meaning? Sometimes, there is a close substitute.
Other times, the translator is not so lucky and has
to settle for a word that has a totally different
meaning. This depends on the language
Clearness• It is very difficult to secure a sound public
opinion on a certain topic
• Function defines itself very gradually; To
complete inexperience this is a coherent
and undifferentiated world, in which, all
facts are born free and equal (e.g.-children)
(Stand of newspaper)(inflation)
Distortion
• External- People of a big city are assaulted by incessant
sound, the nights are noisy and ablaze and are the city
dweller lacks solitude , silence and ease (lack of
attention)(Reaction)
• Internal- experiment shows that the speed, accuracy , and
the intellectual quality of association is deranged by what we
are taught to call emotional conflicts (bias, economic interest,
class prejudice, perception)
• All this factors distort our reading, our thinking, our talking
and our behavior in great variety of ways.
• Quality of attention is still further depressed with complexity
of an issue, where the people doesn’t exactly know where the
issue exactly started.
Conclusion
• The environment with which our public
opinion deal is refracted in many ways –
1.Censorship and privacy at the source
2.By physical and social barriers
3.By scanty attention
4.By poverty of language
5.By distraction
6.By monotony and stress
7.Complexity of facts
8.Perception
-: THANK YOU :-