Transcript p365CCwwi drawstoanend

Winning the War;
WWI Draws to an End
p. 365
Industrial War Challenges Leaders
• World War I was fought on a titanic scale.
• Nations realized that victory would require
– new thinking
– commitment of incredible amounts of
resources.
• Including people.
Total war:
• The attitude that ALL a country’s resources
(including people) must be utilized to defeat the
enemy.
– This also meant that all the enemy’s resources must
be destroyed and were justifiable targets if they were
to be defeated.
• Government also saw the need to control their
citizens and resources very closely:
– took away rights and freedoms…..
Total war actions:
• Conscription:
– the legal forcing of military-aged men into armed
services.
• Also called “the draft”.
Contraband:
• Materials that help an enemy fight a war.
– a warring nation has the right under international law
to confiscate or destroy any contraband owned by
or traded with an enemy that helps it make war.
RMS Lusitania:
• One of Britain’s greatest
ocean liners.
• It was sunk while carrying
passengers from New
York to Liverpool, in 1915.
• Travelers had been
warned by Germany in
American newspapers.
– Germany considered it had
given fair warning.
RMS Lusitania:
• The U-20 had fired its last torpedo
• The Lusitania’s captain believed
his ship too fast for a U-boat to
catch
–He sailed in a straight line,
making it an easy target for the
torpedo to catch.
RMS Lusitania:
• Celebrations and awards abounded in
Germany for the returning U-20 crew.
• Shock, horror, and anger manifested in
crowds and the media in Britain and
America.
–Of the 1200 dead, 128 were American.
–Investigations in the late 20th and early
21st centuries proved that Lusitania was
also carrying contraband.
RMS Lusitania and
submarine warfare
–The United States threatened to
enter the war on the Allied side.
»Germany promised not to attack
American vessels.
»It also promised submarines
would surface and announce
their attacks
»This proved dangerous for the
submarines and soon was
stopped.
Propaganda:
• using biased, emotional, and sometimes untrue
information to form public opinion.
– The goal is to promote a cause or destroy an
opposing cause.
• In war, a government controls or disinforms the
media and the public for:
Atrocity:
• brutal, often murderous, acts by soldiers against
innocent people.
• Armenian genocide by Turks.
• German massacres of and reprisals against Belgians,
even their cats and dogs.
– Edith Cavell, p. 367.
Fourteen Points:
• Woodrow Wilson’s list of terms to end World War I and
ensure peace for all in the future. They included:
–
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Freedom of the seas
Free trade
Large-scale weapon reductions
An end to secret treaties (end suspicion and fear between
nations)
– An international “association” to keep peace in the future.
– Self-determination:
• the right of a people to have their own form of government.
– end the need for genocide and terrorism
Western Front
Armistice:
• an agreement to end fighting
– Does notAllies
end
a war, however.
and Germany
Sign the Armistice
– The Allies
agreed to Germany’s offer.
London celebrates
–Paris
Shooting
stopped
celebrates
• on the 11th hour
• of the 11th day
• of the 11th month,
• of 1918.
Self-determination:
• the right of a people to have their own
form of government.
• One of Woodrow Wilson’s fourteen-point
peace plan.
• Under this policy, many new nations were
created in Europe.
– Other nations lost land.
Image, p. 366
• Question:
• It uses emotion by giving men something
to fight for
• Appeals to men’s sense of family, safety,
and moral obligation
Standards Check, p. 367
• Question:
• Total war demanded that civilians work
tirelessly to produce and conserve goods
needed to keep the war going.
• If civilians were not happy, they might not
work well
– Or they might protest against the war
• This would demoralize the soldiers.
Biography, p. 367
• Question:
• They could (and did) use the story as
propaganda against the Germans.
• Germans would be shown as brutal villains
who executed an heroic Englishwoman.
Standards Check, p. 368
• Question:
• Poor morale, among other factors, led to
revolution in Russia
• And Russia quitting the war, which
weakened the Allies.
Image, p. 368
• Question:
• American soldiers came into the war
supplied with resources and training,
• but hadn’t experienced war on their home
soil.
Standards Check, p. 369
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Question:
Unrestricted submarine warfare
Cultural ties
The Zimmermann Note
Woodrow Wilson’s desire to “make the
world safe for democracy”
Standards Check, p. 369
• Question:
• Its last drive failed because the Allies were
renewed by American troops.
• In Germany, domestic violence disrupted
the government.