Transcript The Client/Server Database Environment

Chapter 9:
The Client/Server Database
Environment
註 : 於11版為Chapter 8
楊立偉教授
台灣大學工管系
2013 Fall
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Client/Server Systems
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Networked computing model 網路運算模型
Processes distributed between clients and
servers 將要處理的工作散在Client與Server
Client–Workstation (usually a PC) that
requests and uses a service
Server–Computer (PC/mini/mainframe)
that provides a service
For DBMS, server is a database server
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Application Logic in C/S Systems
Presentation Logic 呈現邏輯
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Input–keyboard/mouse
Output–monitor/printer
GUI
(Graphic User Interface)
Processing Logic 處理邏輯
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I/O processing
Business rules
Data management
Procedures, functions,
programs
Storage Logic 儲存邏輯
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Data storage/retrieval
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DBMS activities
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3 types of Client/Server Architectures
Client does
extensive processing
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1.File Server Architecture
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2.Database Server Architecture
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3.Three-tier Architecture
Client does little
processing
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1. File Server Architecture
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All processing is done at the PC that requested the
data
FAT CLIENT
Entire files are transferred from the server to the
client for processing Ex. 利用網路芳鄰分享MDB檔
Problems:
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Huge amount of data transfer on the network
Each client must contain full DBMS
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Heavy resource demand on clients
Client DBMSs must recognize shared locks, integrity checks, etc.
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Figure 9-2 File server model
FAT CLIENT
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2. Two-Tier Database Server
Architectures
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Client is responsible for
I/O processing logic
 Some business rules logic
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Server performs all data storage and
access processing
 DBMS is only on server
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Advantages of Two-Tier Approach
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Clients do not have to be as powerful
Greatly reduces data traffic on the network
Improved data integrity since it is all
processed centrally
Stored procedures : performs some
business rules done on server
把較常用或重要的程序預先寫好放在DBMS內
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Advantages of
Stored Procedures
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Compiled SQL statements 編譯後執行快
Reduced network traffic 佔較少的網路流量
Improved security 安全性較高
Improved data integrity 資料完整性較高
Thinner clients 前端運算量較少
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Figure 9-3 Database server architecture (two-tier)
Thinner
clients
DBMS only
on server
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3. Three-Tier Architectures
Client
GUI interface
(I/O processing)
Browser
Application server
Business rules
Web Server
Database server
Data storage
DBMS
Thin Client
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PC just for user interface and a little application
processing. Limited or no data storage (sometimes no
hard drive) 例如: Web Browser
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Figure 9-4a Generic three-tier architecture
Thinnest
clients
Business rules
on separate
server
DBMS only on
DB server
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Advantages of Three-Tier
Architectures
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Scalability (在佈署與效能上) 具擴充性
Technological flexibility 具技術彈性
Long-term cost reduction 長期低本降低
Better match of systems to business needs
較符合企業所需
Reduced risk 風險降低
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Application Partitioning
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Placing portions of the application code in
different locations (client vs. server) AFTER
it is written 重新切分程式執行的位置
Advantages
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Improved performance
Improved interoperability
Balanced workloads
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Common Logic Distributions
Figure 9-5a Two-tier clientserver environments
Processing logic could be
at client, server, or both
Figure 9-5b n-tier clientserver environment
Processing logic
will be at
application server
or Web server
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Role of the Mainframe 大型主機
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Mission-critical legacy systems tend to remain on mainframes
When moving mission critical systems from mainframe to
distributed client/server systems
例如: 銀行核心系統的移轉
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Determining which code belongs on server vs. client
Identifying potential conflicts with code from other applications
Ensuring sufficient resources exist for anticipated load
Rule of thumb 移轉的經驗法則
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Mainframe for centralized data that does not need to be moved
Client for data requiring frequent user access, complex graphics, and
user interface
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Benefits of Moving to
Client/Server Architecture
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Staged delivery of functionality speeds
deployment 功能可分階段完成
GUI ease application use 將使用者界面與應用分離
Flexibility and scalability facilitates business
process reengineering 更容易擴充 具有彈性
Reduced network traffic 只傳處理過的資料
Facilitation of Web-enabled applications
易於轉為Web或行動應用
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Middleware 中介軟體
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Software that allows an application to
interoperate with other software
No need for programmer/user to
understand internal processing
Accomplished via Application Program
Interface (API)
The “glue” that holds client/server applications together
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Database Middleware
 ODBC–Open
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Database Connectivity
Most DB vendors support this
 JDBC–Java
Database Connectivity
可視為Java版的ODBC
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Special Java classes that allow Java
applications/applets to connect to databases
 OLE-DB
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Microsoft enhancement of ODBC
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Using ODBC to Link External Databases
Stored on a Database Server
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Open Database Connectivity (ODBC)
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Required parameters:
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API provides a common language for application
programs to access and process SQL databases
independent of the particular RDBMS that is accessed
ODBC driver
Back-end server name
Database name
User id and password
Additional information:
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Data source name (DSN)
Windows client computer name
Client application program’s executable name
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ODBC Architecture
(Figure 9-6)
Client does not need to
know anything about the
DBMS
Application Program
Interface (API) provides
common interface to all
DBMSs
Each DBMS has its own ODBC-compliant driver
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實作: 實際設定一個DSN
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(適用Windows作業系統)
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控制台→系統管理工具→資料來源(ODBC)
選「系統資料來源名稱」→選「新增」
選一個適當的驅動程式(Driver)
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實際設定一個DSN (續)
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填入所需資料並選取Access的MDB檔案，確定即可
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使用ODBC資料來源
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以MS Access為例，選檔案→取得外部資料→匯入
選取ODBC來源，選取所需要的DSN即可
適用所有支援ODBC
資料來源的應用程式
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Web/DB Application Components
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Database server – hosts the DBMS
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Web server – receives and responds to browser
requests using HTTP protocol
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e.g. Apache, MS IIS (Internet Information Services)
Application server – software for creating
dynamic web sites
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e.g. Oracle, MS SQL Server, MS Access, MySQL
e.g. MS ASP .NET framework, Java EE, PHP
Web browser – client program that sends web
requests and receives web pages
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e.g. Internet Explorer, Firefox, Safari, Google Chrome
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Static page requests
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.htm or .html requests handled by the Web server
Dynamic page requests
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.jsp, .aspx, and .php requests are routed to the
application server
Server-side processing by JSP servlet, ASP .NET
application, or PHP
Database access via JDBC, ODBC, ADO .NET, or
other database middleware
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Figure Information flow in a three-tier architecture
No server side processing, just a page return
Server side processing, including database access
…also *.aspx or *.php
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