Transcript 10th Euro Studies 2.27.15

10th Euro Studies 2.27.15
Turn in:
 TRS #1
Take out :
 Planner/Calendar
 Writing device
 Thesis Refinement Sheet--#1
Due
Today’s Learning Objectives:
 I can explain the role Lenin,
Trotsky, and Stalin played in
the Russian Revolution.
Today’s Agenda:

Stalin’s rule
 Brief lecture
 Readings
 3 “Test” questions for each
reading
 Due @ Monday
HW:
Stalin Readings with “Test”
QuestionsPrepare for library day
on Monday. You can access the
SHS database from home!
Totalitarianism
Comrade Stalin takes over in a
“revolution from above”
TOTALITARIANISM: State control of all
aspects of life and society
• What are the main instruments/institutions
involved of each of these methods?
• Terror (military, secret police)
• Indoctrination (schools, family, youth groups)
• Propaganda and censorship (media, news
outlets)
• Religious or ethnic persecution (church,
political parties)
Propaganda
Terror-Purges/NKVD (Secret Police)
Of the 26, by the
end of “The
Revolution” &
Stalin’s time in
power:
• ½ (13) were killed
intentionally or died
in prison.
•3 died in the Civil
War
•1 suicide
•8 from “natural
causes”
•Only 2 outlived
Stalin
Stalin’s paranoia wouldn’t rest
• Stalin began the
Purges in 1934 when
his deputy Sergei Kirov
was murdered
• Stalin cracked down on
potential opposition
Anyone perceived as a
threat was forced to
confess in public trials and
then executed/shipped to
a gulag (labor camp)
• Millions disappeared
during this time; the party
leadership and army officer
corps was especially
decimated
The Gulag
System
Soviet path to industrialization
• Stalin’s 5-year plans
emphasized “heavy
industry” to catch to
the West
• Industrial production
boomed , up by 700
percent in the 1930s
• Collective farms
established in an effort
to increase agricultural
production
Industrialization Stalin Style
– Industrial growth was stunning,
but it was achieved by diverting
consumption from consumer
goods
• people’s standard of-living
declined
• the plan focused on large
megaprojects such as dams,
factories, not consumer goods
• living conditions also deteriorated:
overcrowding, food and housing
shortages
• unrealistic production quotas were
set, and tremendous sacrifices and
ruthless methods were used to
reach them
• The state took food produced by
collective farms to feed industrial
workers
Collectivization of Agriculture
• Collectivization: grouping or pooling of farms to ensure a
maximum production.
• All the peasants worked on them while Communist party
officials monitored their output.
• Collectivization did not appeal to wealthier peasant farmers
called, 'Kulaks' who did not want to share their livelihood and
wealth with others. Most Kulaks were killed or sent to work
camps in Siberia because they began
burning their farms in an attempt to
rebel against the policy.
• By 1932, 62% of all peasants
were successfully collectivized.
Human costs of this policy: Ukraine
Famine 1932-1933
Holodomor: “Killing by hunger”
5- 7 million dead.
Economic policy?
or
Genocide? (Deliberate
targeting of
Ukrainians—see map,
known for their
“independent” beliefs)
Why did the Holodomor occur?
Grain was diverted to feed industrial
workers
Grain sold to other countries (exported)
so that the Soviet Union can gain cash.
Holodomor: “Killing by hunger” 1932-33(?)
Geno+cide (1944) WWII
“race” Greek+ “killer” Latin
Völkermeuchelnden (German)
Englished in 1893 as “folkmurdering”
from Populicide (French
Revolution)
• 1929—Ukrainian farmers are
successful, yet “rebellious” farmers
(kulaks)
• 1930—dekulakization policies—
armed confiscation, and
“relocation” leads to ~1.5 million
Ukrainians being moved (or dead…)
• 1932-33—Stalin increases the
quotas for Ukrainian farms—crops
to the state before the people.
• “…teach a lesson through famine”
although Stalin denies any famine
to other world powers
– 1933: FDR formally recognizes
Stalin’s govt & negotiates a trade
agreement.
• Stalin was able to do this,
unlike Lenin, b/c the gov’t
was firmly in place and all
opposition had been
eliminated/reduced through
state terror/propaganda
– Stalin combined communism
and dictatorship in this time,
setting the tone for future
communist leaders
– By 1941, the USSR was one of
the top 3 economic powers in
the world (Germany and USA
were the others)
Indoctrination & Propaganda
“Thank you, Comrade Stalin, for our happy childhood”
Russian/Soviet Dead in 20th Century
• World War 1
• Civil War/famine
• Stalin’s purges/
Holodomor
• World War 2
• TOTAL
1914-18
1918-22
1.7 million
9-14 million
1924-1953 20-30 million
1939-1945 27 million
60-75 million