Transcript World War I

Vocabulary Chapters 27 & 28
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Pacifism
Militarism
Entente
Ultimatum
Mobilize
Neutrality
Stalemate
No man’s land
Zeppelin
U-boat
Convoy
Total war
Conscription
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Propaganda
Atrocity
Self-determination
Armistice
Pandemic
Reparations
Collective security
Mandate
Soviet
Command economy
Totalitarian state
Communist party pg.713
World War I
1914 to 1918
Russian Revolution
22 Questions
Setting the Stage
• *Aggressive Nationalism
– German, new industrial and military might
– French, wants to be European leader again
• Upset over lose in Franco-Prussian war
– Russia, Pan-Slavism
• Supports Serbia
• *Economic Rivalries
– Britain threatened by Germany’s industrial production
– Germany upset, feels that they “get no respect”
Setting the Stage
• *Imperialism
– Germany and France fight over Morocco, almost went
to war
– Resulting in France drawing closer to Britain
• *Militarism “the glorification of the military”
– Social Darwinism
– Romantic
*Arms Race
In all areas
Especially fierce between Germany
and Britain (naval)
It was Admiral, the First Sea Lord, was the driving-force behind the development of the
Dreadnought that was built at Portsmouth Dockyar between October 1905 and December
1906. The Dreadnought was the most heavily-armed ship in history. She had ten 12-inch
guns (305 mm), whereas the previous record was four 12-inch guns. The gun turrets were
situated higher than user and so facilitated more accurate long-distance fire. In addition to
her 12-inch guns, the Dreadnought also had twenty-four 3-inch guns (76 mm) and five
torpedo tubes below water. In the waterline section of her hull, the Dreadnought was
armoured by plates 28 cm thick. The Dreadnought was the first major warship driven solely
by steam turbines, making her faster than any other warship. A total of 526 feet long (160.1
metres) the Dreadnought had a crew of over 800 men.
By 1914 the British Navy had nineteen Dreadnoughts (thirteen under construction),
compared with Germany's thirteen (seven under construction). Other fleets with
Dreadnoughts at sea by 1914 were: United States (8), France (8), Japan (4), AustriaHungary (2) and Italy (1).
*Alliances
Fear and distrust of each other caused countries form treaties
for mutual protection.
*Central Powers
• 1881 Germany
Austria/Hungry and Russia
• 1 year later Italy joins
• Kaiser William dropped
Russia
• Italy weak and later formed
a secret bargain with Britain
• 1914 Ottoman Empire
joined.
*Allied Powers
• 1894 France and Russia
• 1904 “entente cordiale”
between France and Britain
• 1907 Britain and Russia
Alliances made national
leaders very nervous!!!
*The Spark
• June 28th 1914 Austrian heir
Francis Ferdinand went to
Sarajevo
• Princip and 6 others plan to kill
him, members of “Unity or Death”
know as “*Black Hand”
• Austria delivers and “Ultimatum”
to Serbia
• July 28th 1914 Austria declares war
on Serbia.
The Fuse Is Lit
• Germany backed Austria
• Serbia is mostly Slavs
Kaiser William II
1859-1941
– Asked Russia “the champion of
Slavic nations” for help
• Nicholas II telegraphed Kaiser
William II
– Wanted Austria to soften it’s
stand toward Serbia
– William said NO!!!
Nicholas II (Nikolai
Alaexandrovich)
1868-1918
Emperor of all Russia
1894-1917
The Boom
• Russia began to “mobilize” it’s
armed forces
• Germany responded by declaring
war on Russia.
• Russia asks for help from France.
• Germany tells France to stay
neutral.
• France says NO!!!
• Germany declares war on France.
Help Us Win
Summary
Write a minimum of four sentences that
summarize your notes to this point.
*Schlieffen Plan
General Alfred
Schlieffen’s plan to
avoid a two front war.
• Russia slow to mobilize
• Attack France through Belgium and get to Paris before
the Russian’s could mobilize.
• Britain and Belgium and Italy were neutral up to this
point.
*The Fizzle
• Germany attacks France through
Belgium.
– Britain and Belgium have an
alliance.
– Britain enters the war
• Russia mobilizes faster than
Germany thought
– Germany moves troops to Eastern
front.
– Weakens the Western front.
– British troops shore up French lines.
– The assault stalls and both sides dig
in for the winter.
• Four years later they are still in
the trenches.
Trenching machine
Trench Warfare
Map of the Trenches
Front line trenches
These were usually about seven feet deep and about six feet wide.
The Allies were forced to dig their trenches in lower ground so they
were often waterlogged. They had a zigzag pattern to prevent the
enemy from shooting straight down the line. Sandbags were put on
both sides of the top of the trench to absorb enemy bullets. Lines of
barbed wire protected the frontline trench from any enemy attacks.
Photos from the Trenches
Gas Warfare
The gases used during WW1 may be classified as:
1. Lacrimators: (eye irritants and "tear gases") such as Benzylbromide.
2. Sternutators: (nasal irritants, "sneeze gases," "vomiting gases“ ), such as Diphenylchlorarsine.
Sternutator gases were mixed with the other, more lethal, gases in order to interfere with the men
wearing their protective gas masks..
3. Lung irritants: (suffocants, respiratory irritants) Chlorine, Phosgene, carbon oxychloride,
chlormethylchlorformate, bromacetone, chloropicrin.
4. Vesicants (skin irritants, escharotics) Dichlorethylsulphide, or Mustard Gas, chlorarsines and
bromoarsines.
New Weapons
Daily Rations
British
• 20 oz. Fresh or frozen meat, or
16 oz. preserved or salt meat
• 20 oz. bread, or 16 oz. biscuit or
flour
• 4 oz. Bacon, 3 oz. Cheese, 5/8
oz. Tea, 4 oz. Jam, 3oz. Sugar,
1/2 oz. Salt, 1/36 oz. Pepper,
1/20 oz. mustard
• 8 oz. fresh or 2 oz. dried
vegetables, 1/10 gal. lime juice
(for scurvy)
• 1/2 gal rum (at discretion of
commanding general)
• 20 oz. tobacco per week
German
• 26 1/2 oz. bread or 17 1/2 oz.
field biscuit, or 14 oz. egg
biscuit
• 13 oz. fresh or frozen meat, or 7
oz. preserved meat
• 53 oz. potatoes, or 4 1/2 oz.
Vegetables
• 9/10 oz. coffee, or 1/10 oz. Tea
• 7/10 oz. Sugar, 9/10 oz. salt
• 2 cigars and 2 cigarettes, or 1
oz. pipe tobacco, or 9/10 oz.
plug tobacco, or 1/5 oz. Snuff
• .17 pint spirits or .44 pint wine
or .88 pint beer
Stalemate = *Total War
• Economic effects:
– Raised taxes, borrowed money, rationed food and other
products, set prices and forbid strikes
• Propaganda
– Controlling public opinion
• Women
– “Home Front” took over the jobs vacated by the men
on the front.
Propaganda Posters
from the United States
After 3 years, Morale Begins
Collapsing….*Why?
• By 1917 troops are still in the same trenches as
in 1914.
• The warring nations are on the verge of
bankruptcy.
• Troops mutinied
• Food is scarce
• The generals have failed to
achieve the promised victories.
Summary
Write a minimum of four sentences that
summarize your notes to this point.
Revolution in Russia
• 1918 Russia signs the Treaty of
Brest-Lovsk
• *Germany could concentrate
on the Western Front.
• 1st revolution overthrew the Czar,
on February 23 to 27, 1917
Vladimir Ilyich
LENIN
• 2nd revolution called the Bolshevik,
or October, Revolution.
*United States enters the war
• Cultural ties
• Unrestricted submarine
attacks, costs US lives.
• Zimmerman note
On 7th May 1915 the
Lusitania is hit by U-20
8 minutes later 1201 people
sink with her
The Zimmerman Note
"On the first of February we intend to begin submarine warfare
unrestricted. In spite of this, it is our intention to endeavor to keep
neutral the United States of America.
If this attempt is not successful, we propose an alliance on the following
basis with Mexico: That we shall make war together and together
make peace. We shall give general financial support, and it is
understood that Mexico is to re-conquer the lost territory in New
Mexico, Texas, and Arizona. The details are left to you for settlement.
You are instructed to inform the President of Mexico of the above in the
greatest confidence as soon as it is certain that there will be an
outbreak of war with the United States and suggest that the President
of Mexico, on his own initiative, should communicate with Japan
suggesting adherence at once to this plan; at the same time, offer to
mediate between Germany and Japan.
Please call to the attention of the President of Mexico that the
employment of ruthless submarine warfare now promises to compel
England to make peace in a few months.
Zimmerman"
(Sent January 19, 1917)
April 1917 The United States
Declares War
• “To make the world safe for
democracy”
• “The war to end all wars”
• Early in 1918
• 2,000,000 US troops shore up
British and French lines.
In 1917 Wilson proclaimed American
entrance into World War I, “a crusade to
make the world safe for democracy."
Woodrow Wilson
Summary
Write a minimum of four sentences that
summarize your notes to this point.
“Over There”
Johnnie get
Johnnie,
get your
your gun
gun,
Get your
your gun,
gun, get
get your
your gun
Get
Take
it on the run
gun,
On the run,
Johnnie
show On
thethe
Hunrun
Hear athem
you and
Your
son calling
of a gun.
me
Hoist
the flag and let her
Every
of liberty
fly,son
Yankee
Doodle do or
die.right away
Hurry
Pack
little
kit, Show
Don'tyour
delay
go today
your
grit,
do your
Make
your
daddy
glad bit.
Yankee
thesuch
ranks,
From
To havetohad
a lad
the towns and the tanks.
Tell your sweetheart not
Make
your mother proud of
to pine
you,
the their
old Red,
To beAnd
proud
boy's in
White
and
Blue.
line.
Over
Over There,
There, Over
Over There
There
Send
Send the
the word,
word, Send
Send the
the
word,
word, Over
Over There
There
That
That the
the Yanks
Yanks are
are coming
coming
The
The Yanks
Yanks are
are coming
coming
The
The drums
drums rum-tuming
rum-tuming
everywhere.
everywhere.
So
So prepare,
prepare, Say
Say aa prayer
prayer
Send
Send the
the word,
word, Send
Send the
the
word,
To
beware.
word, To beware.
We
We will
will be
be over
over
We're
We're coming
coming over
over
And
And we
we won't
won't come
come back
back
Till
Till it's
it's over
over
Over
Repeat
Over There
There
Repeat
War Ends 1918
•March
Germany attacks
•July
Allies counter attack driving Germans back
across Belgium
•September
German generals tell the Kaiser that the war
can not be won.
•October
German people revolt and form a new
government.
•October
The people of Austria-Hungary revolt,
collapsing the empire.
•
Armistice signed 11/11/18
*Paris Peace Conference
•U.S. Wanted self
determination, League
of Nations
•Britain, the people
wanted harsh treatment
for Germany
•French, wanted to
weaken Germany so
that it could not attack
France again.
•Italy upset
Lloyd George of Britain, Orlando of
Italy, Clemenceau of France, and
Woodrow Wilson of the U.S.
*The Treaty of Versailles
June 1919
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Reduce army to 100,000
Reduce navy to 6 warships and no subs.
Destroy all of it’s air force.
Give land to Belgium, France, Denmark and Poland
Hand over all it’s colonies.
Pay Reparations amounting to 6,600,000,000 Pounds.
Put no soldiers within 30 miles of the East bank of
the Rhine River.
• Accept all the blame for the war.
Other countries were formed
• Serbia and Bosnia became Yugoslavia.
• Poland, Lithuania, Latvia, Estonia and
Finland were formed from land lost by
Russia.
• Czechoslovakia and Hungary were formed
out of the Austro-Hungarian Empire.
*Effects of WWI
• Governmental Changes
– Socialistic ideas spread
– Revolution, was in the air
• A harsh Peace
– Humiliating treaty created feeling of revenge
• Economic Change
– Devastated Europe financially and physically
– Inflation knew no bounds
– Boosted U.S. (The Roaring 20’s)
• Psychologically
– Distrust of political leaders
– The war killed 10 to 13 million people, 1/3 civilians
– Grim acceptance of reality replaced the optimistic dreams of
the past
Summary
Write a minimum of four sentences that
summarize your notes to this point.
Two Revolutions in Russia
• 1st revolution overthrew the Czar, on February 23 to
27, 1917
– Brought on by food shortages, battlefield losses and social
problems
•
2nd revolution called the Bolshevik, or October,
Revolution.
– Radical Socialist group headed by V.I. Lenin
– True believer in Marx
– Set up a dictatorship of the proletariat
After the Bolshevik Revolution
Civil war raged in Russia for three years
• Between the Communist Red Army and
the Whites, loyal to the czar
• *Communist unleashed a reign of terror
– The Czar and family were shot
– Secret police formed (Cheka)
– War Communism = took over everything
– Red Army became an effective force
From Lenin to Stalin
• Lenin used the army and secret
police to enforce his will.
• * Lenin’s government mixed
capitalist
and socialist ideas.
• Joseph Stalin set out to make the Soviet Union into
a modern industrial state, bringing all economic and
agricultural activity under government control.
• In 1934 Stalin launched a reign of terror (Great
Purge), at least 4 million people were purged and
almost 800,000 were executed.
Life in a Totalitarian State
• *Stalin established a totalitarian state
–
–
–
–
Used secret police
Propaganda
Censorship
Terror
• *Powerful new elite
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–
–
–
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Communist party members
Industrial managers
Military leaders
Scientists
Some artists and writers.
Summary
Write a minimum of four sentences that
summarize your notes to this point.
Coming soon
And The World Wide
Depression