Transcript 10USG_Chapter_17

Essential Question
Section 1: Election
Campaigns
Section 2: Expanding Voting
Rights
Section 3: Influences on
Voters
Chapter Summary
What are the basic
mechanisms of our
electoral system, and what
factors shape public
choices at the polls?
Content Vocabulary
• campaign manager
• image
• political action committee
• soft money
Academic Vocabulary
• intense
• strategy
• distribute
Reading Strategy
As you read, create a table similar to the one
below to list the ways the Federal Election
Campaign Act of 1971 changed campaign
finance rules.
Should campaign financing be regulated by
the federal government?
B
A
A. A
B. B
C. C0%
0%
0%
C
A. yes, with limited
regulation
B. yes, with significant
reform
C. no
Electing the President
• To be elected president, a candidate must win
270 of the 538 available electoral votes—a
simple majority.
• The electoral vote is equal to the number
of representatives and senators from all
the states, plus 3 votes from the District
of Columbia.
• Each state’s electoral vote equals the total
number of its senators and representatives
in Congress.
Electing the President (cont.)
• A campaign manager is responsible for
the overall strategy and planning of a
presidential campaign.
• The most important communication tool for
a presidential candidate is television.
• The image voters have of a candidate has
proven to be extremely important for their
voting decisions.
Electing the President (cont.)
• Candidates use television for political
commercials and televised debates.
• The Internet has become key to
fundraising and persuading voters.
The individual responsible for the overall
strategy and planning of a presidential
campaign is the
A. candidate.
B. campaign manager.
C. lobbyist.
D. contributor.
A. A
B. B
C. C
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D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Financing Campaigns
• The Federal Election Campaign Act
(FECA) of 1971 and its amendments provide
regulations that apply to campaign financing.
• This law and its amendments:
– require public disclosure of each
candidate’s spending;
– provide federal funding for
presidential elections;
Campaign Spending
Financing Campaigns (cont.)
– prohibit labor unions and business
organizations from making direct
contributions; and
– limit how much individuals and groups
can contribute.
• The 1974 amendment to the law created
the Federal Election Commission (FEC)
as an independent agency in the
executive branch to administer
federal election laws.
Campaign Spending
Financing Campaigns (cont.)
• Direct donations to candidates or parties also
come from political action committees, or
PACs.
• PACs are established by interest groups to
raise money to support candidates or parties.
• Like individuals, PACs are limited by FECA in
how much they can donate directly to a single
candidate in one election cycle.
Campaign Spending
Financing Campaigns (cont.)
• Soft money donations are contributions that
are given directly to a party by PACs or
individuals for general purposes, such as
voter registration drives.
• The FEC has issued rulings on how election
laws apply to the Internet.
Campaign Spending
Groups established by interest groups to
raise money to support candidates or parties
are called
A. political action
committees.
B. group finance
organizations.
C. fund raising committees.
D. candidate support
groups.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Content Vocabulary
• suffrage
• grandfather clause
• poll tax
Academic Vocabulary
• dominant
• device
• diminish
Reading Strategy
As you read, create a graphic organizer
similar to the one below to help you take
notes on expanding voting rights.
Which had the most significant effect on the
history of democratic elections?
A. the Fifteenth
Amendment
B. the Voting Rights Act
of 1965
C. the Nineteenth
Amendment
D. the Twenty-sixth
Amendment
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Early Voting Limitations
• By the mid-1800s, the U.S. achieved
universal white adult male suffrage, or the
right to vote.
• Neither women nor African Americans
could vote, however.
The right to vote is also known as
A. the grandfather clause.
B. electoral rights.
C. suffrage.
D. campaign finance.
A. A
B. B
C. C
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0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Woman Suffrage
• Woman suffrage groups grew in the last
half of the century, and by 1914 women
had won the right to vote in 11 states.
• Not until after World War I, when the
Nineteenth Amendment was ratified, was
woman suffrage put into effect
nationwide.
Woman suffrage was put into effect
nationwide with the ratification of
A. the grandfather clause.
B. the Voting Rights Act.
C. the Fifteenth
Amendment.
D. the Nineteenth
Amendment.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
African American Suffrage
• The first effort to extend suffrage to African
Americans nationwide came shortly after
the Civil War, when the Fifteenth
Amendment was ratified in 1870.
• The grandfather clause was incorporated
in the constitutions of some Southern
states and provided that only voters
whose grandfathers had voted before
1867 were eligible to vote without paying a
certain tax or passing a literacy test.
African American Suffrage (cont.)
• Some southern states used the literacy
tests to keep African Americans from the
polls.
• Another device that was designed to
discourage African American suffrage was
a poll tax—an amount of money that a
citizen had to pay before he or she could
vote.
African American Suffrage (cont.)
• New voting laws born out of the civil
rights movement reformed state
practices that stood in the way of African
Americans voting.
• The Voting Rights Act of 1965
empowered the federal government to
register voters in any district where less
than 50 percent of African American adults
were on the voting lists.
African American Suffrage (cont.)
• The voting rights laws also made it
illegal to divide election districts in order
to diminish the impact of minority voters.
Which of these was an obstacle faced by
African Americans before they received the
right to vote?
A. suffrage
B. income requirement
C. party affiliation
D. literacy test
A. A
B. B
C. C
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0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Twenty-sixth Amendment
• During the Vietnam War a movement began
to lower the voting age from 21 to 18.
• The argument was that if individuals were
old enough to be drafted and fight for
their country, they were old enough to
vote.
• The Twenty-sixth Amendment lowered
the voting age from 21 to 18.
The voting age was lowered from 21 to 18
with the passage of
A. The Nineteenth
Amendment.
B. the Civil Rights Act.
C. the Voting Rights Act.
D. the Twenty-sixth
Amendment.
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Content Vocabulary
• cross-pressured voter
• straight party ticket
• propaganda
Academic Vocabulary
• occupation
• predict
• perceive
Reading Strategy
Create a graphic organizer similar to the one
below to identify the ways voters’ personal
backgrounds influence their behaviors.
Which element of an individual’s
background has the greatest impact on the
way they vote?
A. age
B. upbringing
C. occupation
D. income level
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Personal Background of Voters
• Elements of a person’s background that
can affect their voting decisions include:
– upbringing;
– family;
– age;
– occupation;
– income level; and
– general outlook on life.
Personal Background of Voters (cont.)
• One reason why voters’ backgrounds do
not give a ready answer to how they will
vote is that many voters fall into two or
more categories.
• These different categories can result in
cross-pressured voters—voters facing
conflicting pressures from different
elements in their identity.
Voters facing conflicting pressures from
different elements in their identity are
referred to as
A. conflicted voters.
B. independents.
C. cross-pressured
voters.
D. strong party voters.
A. A
B. B
C. C
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0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Loyalty to Political Parties
• Strong party voters are those who select
their party’s candidates in election after
election—they tend to see party as more
important than issues or candidates.
• Strong party voters usually vote a straight
party ticket, meaning they always choose
to vote for the candidates of their party.
Electing the President
Loyalty to Political Parties (cont.)
• Weak party voters are more likely to
switch their votes to the rival party’s
candidates from time to time.
• Independent voters are those who do not
identify themselves as either Republican
or Democrat.
Electing the President
When party voters vote only for the
candidates in their party, they are voting a
A. straight party ticket.
B. strong party vote.
C. weak party ticket.
D. loyalty vote.
A. A
B. B
C. C
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0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Issues in Election Campaigns
• Today’s voters are better informed than
voters of earlier years.
• Television has brought the issues into
almost every home in the country.
• Voters today are better educated than in
the past.
Typical Party Positions in 2008
Issues in Election Campaigns (cont.)
• Certain issues—including Social Security,
health care, taxes, education, affirmative
action, abortion, gun rights, and the
environment—are having a greater impact
on the lives of voters than at any time
since the Great Depression.
Typical Party Positions in 2008
Which is a reason today’s voters are better
informed than voters in years past?
A. more political parties
B. fewer political parties
C. simpler issues
D. better education
A. A
B. B
C. C
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0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
The Candidate’s Image
• Many voters select candidates on image
alone—for the personal qualities they
perceive them to have.
• At the very least, a candidate must be
viewed as competent to handle the
problems of the day.
Which of the following terms might be used
to describe a good candidate’s image?
A. corrupt
B. a weak leader
C. unqualified
D. trustworthy
A. A
B. B
C. C
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0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Propaganda
• Propaganda involves using ideas,
information, or rumors to influence opinion.
• It is not necessarily lying or deception;
however, neither is it objective.
• Propaganda uses information in any way
that supports a predetermined objective.
Propaganda Techniques
Propaganda (cont.)
• As political campaigns adapted to television,
campaign managers developed sophisticated
messages using propaganda techniques.
• When political propaganda becomes
obviously misleading, people become
skeptical of politicians.
Propaganda Techniques
Ideas, information, or rumors used to
influence opinion in any way that supports a
predetermined objective are called
A. policy information.
B. propaganda.
C. voter education.
D. deliberate influence.
A. A
B. B
C. C
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0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
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D
Profile of Regular Voters
• Citizens who vote regularly have certain
positive attitudes toward government and
citizenship.
• The more education a citizen has, the
more likely it is that he or she will vote.
• Middle-aged citizens have the highest
voting turnout of all age groups.
• Voter regularity also increases with
income.
According to researchers, the age group
with the highest voter turnout is
A. teens.
B. senior citizens.
C. middle-aged adults.
D. young adults.
A. A
B. B
C. C
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0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Profile of Nonvoters
• Some citizens do not vote because they
do not meet state voting requirements.
• Complicated registration procedures
and residency requirements can also be
a barrier to voting.
• People who are concerned about the
number of nonvoters have called for
reforms to make voting more convenient.
Profile of Nonvoters (cont.)
• Making it easier for more people to vote by
absentee ballot or extending the deadlines
for an absentee ballot are reforms that are
already in place in some states.
Which factor acts as a barrier to voting?
A. absentee ballots
B. residency
requirements
C. numerous voting
locations
D. propaganda
A. A
B. B
C. C
0%
0%
D. D
A
B
0%
C
0%
D
Expanding Voting Rights
• Fifteenth Amendment grants African
American males right to vote
• Nineteenth Amendment grants women right
to vote
• Twenty-fourth Amendment outlaws poll
taxes
• Twenty-sixth Amendment lowers voting age
to 18
Financing Campaigns
• The Federal Election Commission (FEC)
administers federal election laws.
• The Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971
set up a new system for financing federal
elections.
• New laws led to growth of political action
committees (PACs) and the raising of huge
amounts of soft money.
• Efforts to reform campaign finance have met
with only limited success.
Influences on Voters
• Personal background (age, religion,
education, ethnicity)
• Loyalty to political parties (strong, weak, or
independent)
• Knowledge of campaign issues
• Candidate’s image
• Propaganda, which uses ideas and
information to influence voters’ opinions.
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