Transcript Construction pptx

Technology Of Today
Mr. Plansinis
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Is the design and building of structures.
Is not limited to buildings. Can be dams,
highways, canals, waterways, etc…
Provides and infrastructure that allows modern
society to work the way it does.
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Industrial – Includes the manufacturing of
industrial structures. Such as Power Plants,
Water treatment plants, Sewege plants, etc…
Residential – Includes the manufacturing of
buildings for people to live in. Houses.
Commercial – referres to buildings used for
business. Such as shopping malls, offices, and
restaurauts.
Public Works – Reffers to structures and
buildings for public use. Monuments and
memorials.
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Saw the development of tools. Hammers were first
introduced as rocks held in you hand. Handles
were then added to provide greater force and
leverage to the hammer.
Often determined by tools and materials that were
available or found in nature. Early shelters were
made from tree limbs leaning against each other
and then wrapped in animal skin.
Romans developed many construction processes
and products, such as concrete and plumbing.
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Planning has become a larger part of
construction and is essential to modern
buildings and structures.
The introduction of engineered woods,
composites and metal alloys make new designs
possible.
Modern tools such as pneumatic and electric
powered tools has mad the construction
process and require less effort.
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Buildings – Are usually defined as a structure with a roof and
walls. It may be temporary or permanent. Ex. Schools, Stores and
houses.
Roads – Includes the building of highways, streets, and other
types of roads.
Tunnels – are underground passageways. They allow people,
vehicles or materials to pass through or under an obstruction.
Dams – A dam is a structure placed across a body of water to
control or block its flow. The water that collects behind the dam is
called a reservoir.
Canals – are artificial water ways built for irrigation or navigation.
Bridges – Are structures built to allow people and vehicles to pass
over obsticals such as waterways, valleys, highways or railroads.
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The private sector of our economy initiates three of the four
types of construction. Residential, commercial and industrial.
Private funds are used to pay for the design and construction of
these projects.
PUBLIC SECTOR ECONOMY
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This includes municipalities, counties, states and the federal government.
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People are appointed to or hired by the government to serve on boards or
in agencies, bureaus, departments or commissions.
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Tax money is used to pay for design and construction costs.
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A community must be carefully planned to
best meet the needs of the people who live
there.
This process is usually overseen by CITY
PLANNERS who have studied all aspects of
community development. They also work very
closely with city, county, and state officials.
After learning about the community, areas are
identified with potential growth.
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These constructions take place to maintain,
alter, or renovate structures.
This may improve the structure or change its
use.
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No matter what type of structure is desired or
who desires it, it must mmet the requirements
and standards set up by the community in
which it is to be built.
Zoning laws tell what kind of structurs can be
built in certain areas.
May specifiy such things as:
Maximum property size
 Maximum height of buildings
 Number of families that can occupy a home.
 Number of parking spaces
 Distance structures mus be from the properties
boundary lines.
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In addition to zoning laws. All structures must
meet certain building codes.
Building codes are local and state laws that
specify the methods and materials that can or
must be used for every aspect of construction.
May vary from location to location based on
climate and geological conditions.
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There are certain things to consider when selecting a
site for future construction.
Location- Where is it. Is it in the city or country.
(commercial) is it in an area wher there are a lot of
potential customers.
Size and shape- Is the site large enough for the planned
construction. If not can the adjoining side be acquired.
Topography- refers to the sites surface features.
Utilities – Services such as water, electricity, natural
gas, waste disposal, postal, and telephone service. Are
these available.
Zoning – Will zoning laws permit the type of planned
structure to be built there.
Cost – Is the price of the site reasonable and affordable?
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Shows:
Shape and size of the property
 Its position in relation to other properties, roads, and
streets.
 The elevation (height) of the property.
 Special land features (rivers, streams, hills, gullies,
trees, etc.)
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Also includes a written description of the
property.
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Identifying Specific Needs – How many people,
what will the space be used for, how much can be
afforded, location, environmental building
techniques.
Developing Ideas – Making sketches and jotting
down ideas.
Refining the design – Adjusting the design to make
sure that it meets the customers needs.
Preparing Final Plans and specifictions
Working drawings – contain information needed to
construct a project.
 Specifications – Written details about what materials are
to be used, as well as the standards and government
regulations that must be followed.
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Clearing the site
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The site must be cleared of anything in the way of
new construction. This might include trees, old
structures, rocks and excess soil.
Earthmoving is the process where excess soil and
rocks are cleared away and the remaining soil is
leveled and smoothed.
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The part of the structure that rests upon the
earth and supports the superstructure.
May be above or below ground level
Typically made of concrete.
Made up of two parts.
Footing – Lie below the foundation wall to distribute
the weight of the building. Typically twice as wide
as the wall.
 Walls – also made of concrete. They transmit the
weight of the superstructure to the footing. These
become basement walls in houses with basements.
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Studs- are parallel, evenly spaced, vertical boards
that frame exterior and interior walls. Studs are
nailed at the top and bottom to boards called
plates.
Joists – are parallel, evenly spaced, horizontal
boards that support floors and ceilings.
Rafters – are sloping roof-framing boards. They
extend from the ridge (horizontal peak) down past
the side walls to form the shape of the roof.
Roof Trusses – are preassembled triangular units
used to frame the roof instead of rafters.
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Sheathing – is a layer of material, such as plywood, that is
placed between the framing and the finished exterior.
After the sheathing, windows and doors are installed, the
decorative exterior is placed on the outside. Such as vinyl
siding, brick, stone or wood paneling.
INSTALLING FLOORS
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A sub-floor of plywood or oriented-strand board (OSB) is nailed to the
floor joists.
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Sometimes another layer of plywood or concrete board is added over the
sub-floor before the finish floor is applied.
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Utilities such as electricity, plumbing, HVAC
(heating, ventilating, and air-conditioning) are
added to the building. Lines for each must be
placed inside the walls before closing them in.
This is called “roughing in”
Insulation is added between exterior walls to
prevent heat and AC loss.
The interior is enclosed with drywall. The
seams of the drywall are taped and filled then
smoothed.
The utilities are then finished.
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In an effort to limit the impacts of construction
technology on the environment, people are becoming
more interested in constructing green buildings.
The U.S. Green Building Council (USGBC) has
developed several definitions for green buildings.
The USGBC’s Leadership in Energy and
Environmental Design, or LEED, standards establish
how new construction can be certified as “Geen”. The
standards include the following areas:
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Sustainable site planning
Safeguarding water supplies and efficient use of water
Energy efficiency and renewable energy.
Conservation of materials and resources.