Transcript Presentation

Housing
General priniciples of planning
The following points should be considered before planning and designing animal
houses.
• It should be of attractive appearance ; minimize labour cost ; improve
efficiency and resale value
• First a rough plan which consists of following should be prepared.
• Site plan; Floor plan ; Elevation ; Cross section ; Master plan ; Van – Dyke prints
; Blue print and orientation.
• Site plan: It is used to locate the site where the buildings are to be erected. It
should contain details of various building arrangement, road formation and space
between buildings etc will be located.
• Floor plan: It is the aerial view of the different structures to be erected within a
farm building. It should contain details like dimensions of the building, location of
ventilators, and doorways will be marked in the floor plan.
• Elevation: The appearance and view of the whole building will be shown in the
elevation.
Cont…
Cross section: It gives details of building foundation, type of flooring, walls and
roof of the building. The internal fittings, partition, feeding and securing devices
should be clearly shown
Master plan: The master plans are prepared in semi-transparent paper with
black ink as per scale. From this mass production of plans will be made by
subsequent process like blue printing.
VAN–DYKE print: These are negatives of the original drawing. Black (or) blue
lines are provided on the white back ground in the negative.
Blue print: Mass production of plans are made from negatives by exposing
them to sensitive blue print paper developed in water and fixed in potassium
dichromate. It is used to estimate the cost and to carryout the construction
work.
Orientation: In general animal sheds are located with long axis east to west the
paddock side facing the north to get direct sunlight during winter and to prevent
entry of direct sunlight into the shed during other seasons.
FACTORS TO BE CONSIDERED WHILE DESIGNING A
LIVESTOCK FARM
Different types of enterprises such as dairy, piggery, sheep and goat units
need different building design.
Designing for unit
It is desirable to design the accommodation for a workable unit.
Structural form
Shape and design of building should meet the needs of all classes of
livestock.
Designing for flexibility
Animal building has to be designed to meet the requirement of changing
enterprises.
Shape of the roof
It is designed to suit the local climatic conditions. Gable with roof
ventilators are necessary for hot condition. Monitor roof is suitable for
building with smaller width.
Cont…
Standard width of buildings
• Single row cow shed - 3. 80 to 4.25 metre
• Double row cow shed - 7. 90 to 8.70 metre
• Poultry and others - 20 to 30 feet.
Single row system
3D picture
Double row system
3D Picture
3D picture
Standard height of the building
The standard height of the building may differ according to the roofing
material and agroclimatic condition.
Length of building
It may vary depends upon the number of animals housed. Length can be
determined based on the total stock to be housed within the building. eg In
case of dairy 15-20 animals in single row system and 20-50 animals in
double row system and above 50 animals a separate shed should be
provided.
Designing the animal building for production and
product control
Animal house is so designed to have control over production of product and
also the quality of product.
Environmental controlled house
• Recent trend in animal house is to control the bad effect of environmental
factors to provided comfort conditions to the animals. In tropical building,
choice of building material and method should be employed to prevent heat
radiation from sun into the building through roof, wall and surrounding
ground.
• Non-conducting material with sufficient insulation will prevent various kinds
of heat radiation. Comfortable air velocity, optimum humidity should be
maintained in the building. These entire factors will have effect on growth,
reproduction and health status of livestock.
Quality of products
• High quality milk and egg can be produced only in certain type of houses,
which are specially designed for it. For example certified high quality eggs
are produced only in cages with rollaway flow arrangement or in slatted
floor arrangement.
• Certified high quality milk with low bacterial counts can be produced only in
the parlour system of milking.
Cont…
Labour control
• Labour cost can be reduced and designing the animal house properly and
labour efficiency can improved by double row arrangement of animals and
animal building facilities circular travel and two-way job.
• Construction of alleys/passages like feed alley, milk alleys, egg collection
alleys and animal weighment yard are designed to reduce the labour cost.
Disease control
• Animal house should be designed properly to effect disease control.
Provision of washable and easily drained floor, washable walls will control
spread of diseases. Designing of suitable drainage system for quick and
hygienic disposal of wastes is required for preventing disease.
• External loose box accommodation is necessary for isolation of sick animal.
Dampness resistant surface will reduce the high humidity, which is the
predisposing cause for respiratory disease in pigs and young animals.
Floor space requirement
Type of
animal
2
Floor space requirement (m )
Covered area
Open area
Maximum
number of
animals/pen
Height of the
shed (cm)
175 cm in
medium and
heavy rain
fall and 220
in dry areas.
Cattle and Buffaloes
Bulls
12.0
24.0
1
Cows
3.5
7.0
50
Buffaloes
4.0
8.0
50
Down –
calver
12.0
12.0
1
Young –
calves
1.0
2.0
30
Old – calves
2.0
4.0
30
Cont…
Sheep and Goat
Ewe/Nanny
1.0
-
60
Lamb/kid
0.4
-
75
Ram/buck
3.4
-
-
Milch doe
1.4mx1.2m
-
Single stall
6.0 – 7.0
8.8 –12.0
-
7.0-9.0
8.8 – 12.0
-
Weaner/fatte
ning pig
0.9 – 1.8
0.9 – 1.8
30
Dry sow/gilt
1.8 – 2.7
1.4 – 1.8
3 – 10
300 – dry
areas and
220 in heavy
rain fall areas
Pigs
Boar
Farrowing
sow
200 – 250cm
Cont…
Feeding and watering space requirements
Type of animal
Width (cm) Depth (cm) Height of inner wall (cm)
Adult cattle and
buffaloes
60
40
50
Calves
40
15
20
Adult sheep and goat
50
30
35
Lambs and kids
50
20
25
Adult pigs
50
20
25
Growing pigs
30
15
25
Floor space requirements of poultry
Age of bird
Floor space (sq. ft.)
0 – 10 weeks
0.8 – 1.0
10 – 16 weeks
1.5 – 2.0
Brown egg
2.0 – 2.5
White egg
2.0
Meat type
2.5 – 3.0
Broilers
0 – 8 weeks
0.8 – 1.0
Turkeys
0 – 8 weeks
1.0 – 1.5
8 – 12 weeks
1.5 – 2.0
12 – 20 weeks
2-3
20 – 26 weeks
3–4
Breeders
6–8
0 – 7 weeks
0.5 – 1.0
7 weeks to maturity
2.5
Breeders herd
3.0
Confined
6.0
Adults
200 – 250 cm
Chicks
Layers
Ducks
Quails
2
Feeder and water space requirements of chicken
Age (weeks)
Feeder space (inches)
Waterer space
0–3
1.0 – 1.5
25 cm
3 –10
2.5
100 cm
10 – 13 and above
4
250 cm
Quails
1.0 – 1.2 (linear)
1.5 – 2 cm
Chicken