Transcript CIVLFinalPresentation_April3_1

Goal and Scope
Project
•Conduct Life Cycle Assessments
of 13 buildings at UBC
•Residences and Faculty
Buildings
•Total of 25% of floor space at
UBC
Outputs
•Create a materials inventory for
each building or complex
•Estimate environmental impacts
Outcomes
• Generate baseline data on estimated
environmental impacts
• Use baseline as a reference for future
performance upgrades
• Outline approach for conducting an LCA
Intended Audience
• UBC Policy Makers
• Use study to help create effective policies and frameworks
• Others Interested in LCA
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Developers
Architects
Engineers
Municipalities
Institutions
• Use study as a model for how to conduct an LCA
Scope
• Physical
– Structural
– Envelope
– Operating energy
• Temporal
– “cradle to gate” assessment
QuickTime™ and a
TIFF (Uncompressed) decompressor
are needed to see this picture.
Assessments are on a per square foot basis
Tools
• OnCenter OnScreen TakeOff
v 3.6.2.25
• Athena Environmental Impact
Estimator
v 4.0.51
Impact Assessment
• EIE compiles an inventory of inputs and
outputs for each stage of building life
based on takeoff data and database
references
• Uses US EPA Tool for the Reduction and
Assessment of Chemical and other
environmental Impacts (TRACI) v 2.2
Summary Measures
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Global warming potential
Acidification potential
Eutrophication potential
Ozone depletion potential
Photochemical smog potential
Human health respiratory effects potential
Weighted raw resource use
Primary energy consumption
Further Analysis
• Sensitivity
– Understand how changes in material volumes
affects changes in overall impacts
• Energy Modeling
– Model building energy losses through exterior
– Investigate how envelope upgrades could
reduce energy loss
OnScreen (Jessica)
Athena Impact Estimator
• Software program takes
building materials inputs
• Outputs environmental
impacts based on LCI
database and TRACI
categories
• Helpful during design
phase or post-construction
assessments
– Type and magnitude of
potential environmental
effects
– Help to make decisions
based on tradeoffs
Inputs
• Name, location, area,
life expectancy
• Material assemblies
– Foundation
– Walls & openings
– Beams and columns
– Roofs
– Floors
– Extra basic
materials (XBM)
Behind the Scenes
• Takes inputs to
generate materials’
inventory for the
building (bill of
materials)
• Material assemblies
then reference the
Athena LCI database
• Calculates absolute
values and TRACI
impacts
Outputs
• IE generates summary reports
– Bill of materials
• Absolute values
– Energy
– Air emissions
– Water emissions
– Land emissions
– Resource use
Outputs
• Summary measures (TRACI impact categories)
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Primary energy consumption (embodied energy)
Weighted raw resource use
Global warming potential
Acidification potential
Human health respiratory effects potential
Aquatic eutrophication potential
Ozone depletion potential
Photochemical smog potential
• By life cycle stage or assembly groups
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Manufacturing
Construction
Maintenance
End-of-life
Operating energy
Methods (Jack)
Summary Measures
What is a summary measure
Primary Energy Consumption
• All forms of energy,
direct and indirect,
that used to process
the raw materials into
the building product
and transport it.
• Measured in megajoules (MJ)
• GrapGraph of Overall
Buildings
• Graph of per sq.ft
average
• Average of UBC
Buildings
• Average of other
study
• hs
Acidification Potential
• Graph of Overall
Buildings
• Graph of per sq.ft
average
• Average of UBC
Buildings
• Average of other
study
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• Acidification is a
predominately
regional impact that
can affect human
health when NOX or
SO2 reach high
concentrations
• Expressed as a
hydrogen ion
equivalency based on
mass balance
calculations
Global Warming Potential
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The CO2 equivalence for other
greenhouse gases is a ratio of the
heat trapping potential to CO2,
affected by a time horizon as
different compounds have different
reactivity in the atmosphere. The
time horizon used in the Impact
Estimator is one hundred years
based on the Intergovernmental
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC).
Other greenhouses gases taken
into account by the software
include CH4 and N2O. The
sources of greenhouse gas
modeled include combustion for
energy as well as processing of
some raw resources such as in
the production of concrete
Expressed in terms of CO2
equivalence by weight
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Graph of Overall Buildings
Graph of per sq.ft average
Average of UBC Buildings
Average of other study
Human Health Respiratory Effect
Potential
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Graph of Overall Buildings
Graph of per sq.ft average
Average of UBC Buildings
Average of other study
• Particulates, especially from
diesel fuel combustion, can
have a dramatic affect on
human health due to
respiratory problems such
as asthma, bronchitis, and
acute pulmonary disease
• The Impact Estimator uses
TRACI’s "Human Health
Particulates from Mobile
Sources" characterization
factor to account for the
mobility of particles of
different sizes, thus
equivocated them to a
single size: PM2.5
Ozone Depletion Potential
• Expressed in mass
equivalence of CFC11, based on their
relative capacity to
damage ozone in the
stratosphere
• Graph of Overall
Buildings
• Graph of per sq.ft
average
• Average of UBC
Buildings
• Average of other
study
Photochemical Ozone Creation Potential
(Smog)
• Graph of Overall
Buildings
• Graph of per sq.ft
average
• Average of UBC
Buildings
• Average of other study
• takes place under
certain climate
conditions when air
emissions are trapped
at ground level and are
exposed to sunlight.
The effect is actually a
result of the interaction
of volatile organic
chemicals (VOCs) and
nitrogen oxides
• expressed in terms of
mass of ethylene
equivalence
Eutrophication Potential
• When nutrients
previously absence in
an aquatic environment
are introduced,
photosynthetic plant life
proliferate, potentially
choked out other
aquatic life and/or
producing other effects
such as foul orders.
• Expressed in terms of
mass equivalence of
nitrogen
• Graph of Overall
Buildings
• Graph of per sq.ft
average
• Average of UBC
Buildings
• Average of other study
Weighted Resource Use
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Graph of Overall Buildings
Graph of per sq.ft average
Average of UBC Buildings
Average of other study
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Raw resource use is the most
challenging environmental impact to
equate to a single, numerical scale. Not
only does each resource have different
affects, but the carrying capacity of the
environmental from which it was taken
also plays a major role in terms of the
scope of impact. Subjective weighting
was developed in consultation with
resource extraction and environmental
experts from across Canada for the use
of this software. These weighted factors
were combined into a set of resourcespecific index numbers that are applied
to the weight of resources in the Impact
Estimators bill of materials. The results
are expressed what can be thought of as
“ecologically weighted kilograms” that
represent relative levels of environmental
impact based on expert opinion.
300
200
Energy (MJ)
Results
Em bodied Energy Per Building
500
400
100
AERL
Conc Const
Conc Const
Conc Const
FSC
CEME
Conc Const
Wood Const
Conc Const
Conc Const
HRMacMillan
Buchanan
Hennings
Geography
0
Residences (same as previous
slide)
• Wood and concrete trends
• Who has most steel?
• Discussed bldgs: Geography, fairview,
thunderbird
Differences Between Residential and
Academic Buildings
Why the inconsistency between energy/resource use and other
measures?
Differences between residential
and academic buildings
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Primary energy and resources use greater for residential due to partitioning, ceiling
heights,
The subject impact categories greater in academic due to the nature of the building
function.. Many more acoustic blocks (sheathings, insulations) items containing
higher VOC’s etc
More use of steel?
More curtain walls in academic? Load bearing in res.
Ratio’s office space, lab space, lecture theaters
Discuss potential of other functional units eg. CF approach, occupant approach,
Difference in fenestration among the two types?
Academic
Impact Category
Units
Geography
Hennings
Buchanan
HRMacMillan
CEME
FSC
AERL
1925
1945
1958,1960
1967
1976
1998
2004
Average
Primary Energy Consumption
MJ
76.27
143.08
208.21
481.71
236.82
387.30
362.90
270.90
Weighted Resource Use
kg
35.12
123.94
149.88
294.62
120.27
270.84
144.03
162.67
(kg CO2 eq / kg)
3.87
13.07
19.46
42.72
18.38
29.83
28.60
22.27
(moles of H+ eq / kg)
1.45
4.53
6.43
13.85
5.31
7.60
9.06
6.89
(kg PM2.5 eq / kg)
0.01
0.05
0.06
0.11
0.04
0.07
0.10
0.06
(kg N eq / kg)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
(kg CFC-11 eq / kg)
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
0.00
(kg NOx eq / kg)
0.01
0.07
0.10
0.19
0.09
0.11
0.12
0.10
Global Warming Potential
Acidification Potential
HH Respiratory Effects
Potential
Eutrophication Potential
Ozone Depletion Potential
Smog Potential
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Brief bldg review
Sensitivity analysis, which materials=most signif
Diff betw wood and conc
Different ideas for modelling
Methods of modelling bldg groups
Diff in comparison among occupancies (ciel heights etc)
Functional Units (Laurent)
• Different Ways of Looking at Results
Sensitivity Analysis
•What is it?
•Process used in CIVL 498C Sensitivity
Analysis
•The results
•Importance for future design and renovation
What is Sensitivity Analysis?
• Evaluation of materials or processes to
determine influence of specific
components on overall system
• Applications
Process used in our Analysis
• 5 most prevalent materials
• 10% variation in quantity
• Effects?
Significant Results
• Detail a couple buildings that had
interesting results
Importance to future design and
renovation
• Guides decisions in design phase
• Easily pinpoint materials/assemblies
significantly impacting performance
• Quantitative/objective analysis
• Combine with other tools for deeper
analysis
Energy Analysis
The energy model was defined as:
EMBODIED ENERGY + OPERATIONAL
ENERGY
Evaluation of Embodied Energy
Modelled Building with insulation at REAP standards
Compared R-values of:
- Exterior Walls
- Roofs
- Windows
Thermal Resistance Values for the Original and Improved Building
Area (ft2)
Exterior Wall
Window
Roof
Weighted
Average
17300
8800
39500
65600
R-Value (ft2*deg F*hr/BTU)
'Original' Building
'Improved'
Building
6.28
20
0.91
3.45
0.45
40
2.05
29.30
Not Taken into Account
• Economic Analysis
• Feasibility of
Installation
• Maintenance Cycles
The Hennings Building Cumulative
Energy Usage Vs Time
1.0E+14
Original Building
Cumulative Annual Energy Usage (Joules)
9.0E+13
Improved Building
8.0E+13
7.0E+13
6.0E+13
5.0E+13
4.0E+13
3.0E+13
2.0E+13
1.0E+13
0.0E+00
0
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Time (years)
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10
Percent Change in R-Value vs
Payback Period
Further Analysis
• This is a sample of the energy analysis
that can be done by using LCA methods
• This can be used as the backbone of
further energy analysis
Where Can We Go?
Manufacturing
Construction
Basic Materials
Where Can We Go?
Manufacturing
Construction
Maintenance
End-of-Life
Operating Energy
Basic Materials
Where Can We Go?
Manufacturing
Basic Materials
Construction
Finishing Materials
Maintenance
Furniture
End-of-Life
Electronics
Operating Energy Professors
Where Can We Go?
Manufacturing
Basic Materials
Construction
Finishing Materials
Maintenance
Furniture
End-of-Life
Electronics
Operating Energy Professors
Bring up to Date
(renovations)
Keep Updated
(do yearly)
Where Can We Go?
Manufacturing
Other Buildings
Basic Materials
Bring up to Date
(renovations)
Roads
Construction
Finishing Materials
Maintenance
Furniture
Walkways
End-of-Life
Electronics
Monuments
Operating Energy Professors
Keep Updated
(do yearly)
Turf Fields
Recommendations for Future
Applications (Trevor)