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Earthquake Readiness
Capacity Building Project 2009
BUILDERS TOOLKIT
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WHAT TO DO WHEN
PLANNING TO BUILD
This presentation is part of the DEVELOPERS, DESIGNERS &
BUILDERS TOOLKIT of the CDEMA Earthquake Readiness
Public Awareness & Education Campaign in the Caribbean
2009
This toolkit is downloadable from http://www.weready.org
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WHAT WE WILL LEARN
Best Practices For:
Site Selection & Construction Planning
Building and Designing
 Strengthening Schemes in construction
Construction along a coastline
Building in Tsunami-prone areas
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FACT
Every year, earthquakes take the lives
of thousands, and destroy property. It is
imperative that structures are designed
to resist earthquake forces, in order to
reduce the loss of life. Structural
design plays an important role.
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FACT
Ground shaking from earthquakes can
collapse structures;
Buildings not seismically sound or placed
on unsuitable soil are at risk of collapsing;
When an earthquake occurs in a
populated area, it may cause deaths,
injuries and extensive property damage.
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Hence the claim that
"Earthquake don't kill people,
buildings do."
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THINGS TO CONSIDER
The size of the earthquake does not mean
there will be more damage and destruction.
Rather, it is how well informed people are
at responding to earthquakes and how
much money can be spent on making
structures able to respond to the ground
movements.
Design a Building to withstand Earthquakes tutorial http://www.geointeractive.co.uk/
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BUILDING CLASSIFICATIONS
Seismic intensity of zone where
building will be constructed;
Importance of the building
Stiffness of the foundation soil
http://www.nicee.org/iaee/E_Chapter3.pdf
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SEISMIC ZONES
Zone A: Risk of widespread collapse and
destruction -MSK 1X or greater)
Zone B: Risk of collapse and heavy damage
(MSK V111 likely)
Zone C: Risk of damage – (MSK V11 likely)
Zone D: Risk of minor damage (MSK V1
maximum)
http://www.nicee.org/iaee/E_Chapter3.pdf
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CATEGORISING BUILDINGS
oHospitals & Clinics
oSchools/ Universities, Churches
oPolice & Fire stations
oCinemas & Theatres
oStadiums, museums
oMeeting halls
oHomes, Offices
oFactories and warehouses
oHotels
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CATEGORIES OF BUILDINGS FOR
STRENGTHENING PURPOSES
Categories
Combination of conditions for categories
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Important buildings on soft soil in zone A
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Important buildings on firm soil in zone B
Important buildings on soft soil in zone B
Ordinary building on soft soil in zone A
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Important buildings on firm soil in zone B
Important buildings on soft soil in zone C
Ordinary buildings on firm soil in zone A
Ordinary building on soft soil in zone B
Important buildings on firm soil in zone C
Ordinary buildings on firm soil in zone B
1V
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All structures should be designed and built to stand up to
earthquakes.
Ensure that the land to be developed is suitable and the
proposed building is adequately designed to survive an
earthquake.
The more you know, the
better prepared you are.
Knowing … that’s where
reducing vulnerability
starts.
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Investigate
Find out whether
the area in which
you intend to build
is susceptible to
rockslides or land
slippage
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TALK
TO OLDTIMERS
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CONSULT
ZONAL MAPS
AVAILABLE
THROUGH THE
PUBLIC SERVICE
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RESEARCH BUILDING CODES
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EMPLOY BEST
PRACTICE BUILDING AND
DESIGN STANDARDS
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WHEN PLANNING TO BUILD
Site selection
 Consult
a qualified engineer,
architect or other authority to find
out how safe your location is.
 Build on stable soil in an area not
prone to natural hazards.
Construct only in approved
Construction zones.
GET APPROVALSite selection…
Get planning approval
in principle/outline
approval.
Coastal areas are
vulnerable to tsunamis.
Set back to higher
ground where
possible.
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DESIGN
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DESIGN
 Design
in accordance with the
recommended building codes. *
 Ensure that “seismic-proofing”
takes into account the need to secure
critical equipment.
 Design connections of building
elements (footings, floor, wall, roof,
etc) properly.
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DESIGN
Select favourable building envelope
geometry.
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Source: Ebook – General concepts of Earthquake resistant design
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3 D CONCEPTS
Ductability /Deformability
Interrelated, refers to buildings ability to suffer
extensive deformation without collapsing
Damageability
Buildings ability to suffer extensive damage
without partial or complete collapse
http://www.nicee.org/iaee/E_Chapter3.pdf 26
CONSTRUCTON
 Set
back at least 6 m
from the back/crest of
terrace, and 6m from
the back of the slope.
Build away from
large, mature trees
approx. 6 m away or a
distance equal to the
tree height.
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CONSTRUCTION
Brace building elements
properly.
Design the columns to
be stronger than the
beams
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CONSTRUCTION
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CONSTRUCTION
 Use
quake-resistant building techniques
 Use correct quality construction
materials
 Store construction materials properly
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CONSTRUCTION
 Protect window and door openings to keep the
envelope watertight.
 Protect foundations from scour, build the ground
floor above flood water level.
 Locate top of footings 600 mm (2’) minimum
below the external ground.
 Position the ground floor 300 mm (12”)
minimum above the external ground.
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SOME FOUNDATIONS
REQUIREMENTS FOR
STRUCTURAL SAFETY
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SOME REQUIREMENTS FOR
STRUCTURAL SAFETY
Design free standing walls to be as safe as a
vertical cantilever.
Horizontal reinforcement is necessary to transfer
load
Walls should be tied.
Place shear walls on both axes of the building
http://www.nicee.org/iaee/E_Chapter3.pdf
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SOME REQUIREMENTS FOR
STRUCTURAL SAFETY
A shear wall must be capable of resisting all
horizontal forces.
Roof and floor elements tied and able to
exhibit diaphragm action
Trusses must be anchored to the supporting
walls and have an arrangement for transferring
their own inertia force to the end walls
http://www.nicee.org/iaee/E_Chapter3.pdf
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FOUNDATIONS
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DOWNLOAD INFORMATION
www.cdera.org
Safer Building
Handbook for
Homeowners in the
Caribbean
also
www.cdera.org/projects/champ/do
cs/FinalCDERACodeofPracticefor
ConstrofHouses.pdf
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Common seismic problems
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IN WOOD FRAME BUILDINGS
Lack of foundation bolts
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IN WOOD FRAME BUILDINGS
Cripple wall collapse
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COMMON SEISMIC PROBLEMS
Soft storey park under parking
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REDUCING DAMAGE
THROUGH STRUCTURAL
MODIFICATION
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STRENGTHENING SCHEMES
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IF IT CAN FALL/OPEN – VOLT BRACE OR FASTEN!
– Water tanks
– Water heaters
– Gas cylinders
– Storage wall units
Brace or fasten
- Heavy furniture
- Mirrors
- Light fixtures
- Shelves
- TVs
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OTHER STRENGTHENING SCHEMES
Add plywood sheathing to soft story
Manufactured strong-walls
Mechanical energy-dissipation devices
Lots of measures for household contents
– Strap water heater to frame
– Latches on cabinets
– Strap tall furniture to frame
– Shelf lips
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OTHER STRENGTHENING SCHEMES
REMEMBER …..
A high percentage of earthquake loss is caused by failure of :
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
o
ceilings
windows
doors
partitions
cupboard and shelves
external cladding/siding
electrical & mechanical systems
& other components of buildings
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PERFORMANCE BASED
EARTHQUAKE ENGINEERING
Source © Keith A. Porter, PE, PhD, GW Housner Senior Researcher
California Institute of Technology
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PERFORMANCE BASED EARTHQUAKE
ENGINEERING
Dollars,
deaths and
downtime)”
Estimating the future
seismic performance of
buildings and other facilities
in terms of repair costs,
health impacts, and repair
durations.
(
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Step 1: DEFINE STRUCTURE TO BE BUILT
Location &
design
Hazard
analysis
Structural
analysis
Damage
analysis
Loss
analysis
Statewide
hazard
Structural
model
Fragility
information
Repair
cost data
Site ground
motion
Building
response
Physical
damage
Cost in this
earthquake
Decision
making
Iterate to quantify uncertainty, vulnerability
Building
Site, soil
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Step 2: HOW STRONGLY DOES THE GROUND
SHAKE
Location &
design
Rupture:
magnitude,
other
features
Hazard
analysis
Structural
analysis
Damage
analysis
Loss
analysis
Statewide
hazard
Structural
model
Fragility
information
Repair
cost data
Site ground
motion
Building
response
Physical
damage
Cost in this
earthquake
Decision
making
Iterate to quantify uncertainty, vulnerability
Building
Site, soil
Fault
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Step 3: HOW MUCH DOES BUILDING DEFORM
Location &
design
Rupture:
magnitude,
other
features
Hazard
analysis
Structural
analysis
Damage
analysis
Loss
analysis
Statewide
hazard
Structural
model
Fragility
information
Repair
cost data
Site ground
motion
Building
response
Physical
damage
Cost in this
earthquake
Decision
making
Iterate to quantify uncertainty, vulnerability
Building
Site, soil
Fault
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Step 4: WHAT GETS BROKEN?
Location &
design
Rupture:
magnitude,
other
features
Hazard
analysis
Structural
analysis
Damage
analysis
Loss
analysis
Statewide
hazard
Structural
model
Fragility
information
Repair
cost data
Site ground
motion
Building
response
Physical
damage
Cost in this
earthquake
Decision
making
Iterate to quantify uncertainty, vulnerability
Building
Site, soil
Fault
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Step 5: WHAT DOES IT COST TO FIX?
Location &
design
Rupture:
magnitude,
other
features
Hazard
analysis
Structural
analysis
Damage
analysis
Loss
analysis
Statewide
hazard
Structural
model
Fragility
information
Repair
cost data
Site ground
motion
Building
response
Physical
damage
Cost in this
earthquake
Decision
making
Iterate to quantify uncertainty, vulnerability
Building
Site, soil
Fault
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In other words, where is it likely to be costeffective to seismically strengthen a
structure?
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WHEN PLANNING TO BUILD >>>
TSUNAMIS & FLOOD PRONE AREAS
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Site Selection
Know the risk for tsunamis in the area.
 Consider a Tsunami Evacuation Point
higher than 35 metres above sea level.
Download Checklist for Designing to Counteract
Natural Hazards from http://weready.org/builders.php
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Design & Construction
(Tsunami)
Elevate coastal buildings because most tsunamis
waves are less than 30 metres high
 Install
features to divert waves away from the
property.
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Tsunamis & Flood prone areas
Additional Shoreline protection
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Tsunamis & Flood prone areas
Additional Shoreline protection
 Maintain and/or build wetlands and mangroves and keep
them healthy. These act as natural shock absorbers, soaking up
destructive waves.
In the 2004 tsunamis in Asia, wetlands were believed to have
protected lives and properties.
Mangroves can absorb 70-90% of the energy from a normal
wave. http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/science/nature/4547032.stm
BBC News 25 Dec 2005.
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Additional
Shoreline protection
Shrubs, grasslands, and marshes will not
provide adequate protection against
tsunami waves, but will help to
absorb flood water.
.
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Additional Shoreline protection
Where possible,
build structures to
help protect the
shoreline from
tsunami damage.
Build seawalls and
revetment
structures to help
protect the shore
from storm waves.

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A Caribbean Building Code?
There is currently no regional building standard to
guide and enforce safe building.
The Caribbean Regional Organisation for Standards
Quality (CROSQ) Regional Building Standard project is
intended to review base codes, prepare Caribbean
Application Documents, train users, strengthen
building authorities and build consensus among key
stakeholders.

For more information, visit http:// www.crosq.org
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