Transcript Influence of water on building

DAMPNESS
Capillarily pulled up dampness
This phenomenon is responsible both for absorbing rain water fl owing down the facade and subsurface
water by the wall, and for pulling the dampness up from the basement and base course area to upper parts
of the wall, against the earthpull.
Hygroscopic dampness
In case of high content of hygroscopic salts in the wall, it may get damp despite the apparent lack of water
access.
Condensation dampness
Condensation consists in a change of state of aggregation of the water vapour present in the air. Water
may condense both on insulated walls, when the air inside the room has high relative humidity (e.g. in
laundry, drying room or bathroom), and on capillary walls of the building material (inside the wall).
Subsurface water
Subsurface water penetrates from aside through untight vertical insulations or from the bottom through
untight horizontal insulation.
Influence of water on building
The water may be present in the ground in a number of forms. Depending on the type of water, a proper
protection against the building dampness should be used.
Influence of water on building:
a) Natural ground dampness
In case of well permeable noncohesive ground (gravel or sand)
it may be assumed there is no
pressurised subsurface water.
Basements should then be secured
only against natural ground
dampness.
1. Sand, 2. Humus,
3. Made cohesive ground
Influence of water on building
Influence of water on building:
a) The rain water
Subsurface waters are
particularly dangerous in case
of cohesive grounds and
location of the building
on a slope. The rain water
penetrating the ground
vertically downwards stops on
the clay layer. Next, it flows
from that layer towards the
building and penetrates the
ground which was poured
around the building after its
construction. Since the water
cannot penetrate the clay
under the building, it
accumulates and banks up,
exerting hydrostatic pressure
on basement walls. If the water
insulation of the building is not
tight, the water will get inside
the building.
1. clay, 2. sand, 3. humus, 4. fi ne gravel, 5. coarse gravel, 6.
made cohesive ground, 7. Banked up water, 8. fi ltration layer, 9.
foamed polystyrene drain plate, 10. drain pipe
Influence of water on building
Influence of water on building:
b) The rain water
Water banking up can be avoided using the
surrounding drainage around the building.
1. clay, 2. sand, 3. humus, 4. fi ne gravel, 5. coarse
gravel, 6. made cohesive ground, 7. Banked up water,
8. fi ltration layer, 9. foamed polystyrene drain
plate, 10. drain pipe
Influence of water on building
Influence of water on building:
c) High water level
If the subsurface water level is high, the
water exerts negative pressure on the
building also from the bottom, that is why
the building needs to have a waterproof
tank. Location of foundations below the
subsurface water level is also connected
with the necessity of securing trenches
against fl ooding and making heavy water
insulations and drainages.
1. waterproof tank
Insulation foils
The height of the basement storey
the houses without basements are always constructed at least 5 cm
below the ground freezing depth (this is 1 meter, and 1.4 m in the coldest
regions) Founding a house on such a depth protects the building against
damage caused by frost heaves.
the houses with a basement to the foundation has to be laid ca. 30
cm below the basement floor level.Foundations should be supported on
the base up to the depth of 2.5-2.8 m below the ground level.
Damp insulations
Hydroinsulation protects building from dampness comming from the
ground
The horizontal insulation:
The vertical insulation:
- insulation of a foundation walls (IZOPLAST)
- insulation of a foundation (basement) walls
- insulation of the floors (BUDFOL/EKOFOL IZ)
The horizontal insulation
is required even in houses without
basements. Good connection of the wall
insulation with the horizontal insulation
of the floor is a guarantee
of a dry house.
The vertical insulation
is as important as the horizontal one.
The insulation foil should be extended
on the building base course to the
height of min. 30–50 cm above the
ground level.
Vertical insulation should be tightly connected
with horizontal insulation preventing the walls
from capillary dampness pullup.
In case of buildings with heated basements one has also to remember about the damp
insulation and thermal insulation in order to protect walls against dampening of internal
surfaces by condensing water vapour.
Insulation foils
Foundation insulation IZOPLAST foil
Installed as horizontal damp insulation of foundation and building walls.
Insulation foils
- EKOFOL IZ – 150
- EKOFOL IZ – 200
- EKOFOL IZ – 300
- EKOFOL IZ – 500
- BUDFOL – 200
- BUDFOL – 500
EKOFOL IZ and BUDFOL insulation foils are used as the following:
– damp insulation layer under the floors, tiles, screeds;
– skid layer, e.g. on terrace surface;
– protective layer preventing thermal and acoustic insulation from getting damp.
Foundations
a) Solid foundation of waterproof concrete
It is a kind of foundation whose top is
located over the subsurface water level and
bottom is located below the ground
freezing level. Such foundations are usually
laid using waterproof concrete since only
construction foil is installed in the
excavation (BUDFOL or EKOFOL IZ). The
purpose of that foil is to protect the
concrete mix against soiling with the
ground. Next, horizontal damp insulation
(e.g. IZOPLAST) provided for in the design
is laid on the footing and slightly lower
foundation walls are built.
1. BUDFOL or EKOFOL IZ insulation foils,
2. Foundation wall, 3. Damp insulation
of a foundation wall made of the IZOPLAST foil,
4. Slanted mortar, 5. Horizontal insulation
of a foundation wall made of the IZOPLAST foil,
6. Continuous footing, 7. Subsurface water level
Foundations
b) Foundation above the ground water
When the subsurface water is
30–40 cm above the foundation
level, it is cost-effective to
elevate the whole building to
the same height.
1. Ceramic tile footing, 2. BUDFOL
or EKOFOL IZ insulation foils,
3. Vertical insulation of the foundation wall,
4. Foundation horizontal insulation (folia
IZOPLAST), 5. Continuous footing, 6. Gravel or
thin concrete, 7. Subsurface water level
Foundations
c) Slab foundation
When the subsurface water
is as little as 50 cm below
the ground level or more
than 40 cm above the
foundation level,
a slab foundation can be
laid. It has to be thermally
insulated.
1. Reinforcement with rods of steel,
2. concrete slab, 3. BUDFOL or EKOFOL IZ
insulation foils, 4. Thin concrete ground
beam; may be replaced by sand bed,
5. Filtration layer, 6. „groyne”, i.e. local
reinforcement under the load-bearing wall,
7.IZOPLAST foil foundation horizontal
insulation overlapping by at least 20 cm
with the vertical insulation, 8. damp
insulation made of BUDFOL or EKOFOL IZ
foil on the sand base or made of tar board
on thin concrete
Foundations
d) Foundation with air heating
The subsurface water can be as little
as 30–40 cm below the ground level.
1. Reinforcement with rods
of steel, 2. Separating rods,
3. BUDFOL or EKOFOL IZ insulation
foils, 4. Heating pipes, 5. Thermal
insulation, 6. Plaster, 7. BUDFOL
or EKOFOL IZ foils horizontal damp
insulation of the thickness of
0.2 mm, 8. Drainage layer,
9. Subsurface water level
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Basements and their insulation
Bottom of the building
1. in a building without basements
with the floor based directly on the ground
2. in a building with basements
3. in building with wooden frame structure
with ventilated subfloor space
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1. Bottom of the building in a building without basements
with the floor based directly on the ground
Continuous footings in a building without basements should be made on the depth below the
ground freezing zone.
The horizontal insulation is installed on underground foundation walls in order to prevent the capillary
dampness pullup. The insulation should be above the reach of the range of splashing rainwater, i.e. at least 30
cm above the surrounding area.
Izolację pionową – układa się na zewnątrz ścian fundamentowych, zapobiegając napływowi wilgoci do ścian
fundamentowych i do wnętrza budynku.
The most effi cient method of securing foundation walls will be the insulation
installed on each side: at the bottom, inside and outside.
Houses without basements require also the floor damp insulation.
- If the floor is thermally insulated with the foamed polystyrene,
the insulation foil has to be installed on the foamed polystyrene
- If the floor is thermally insulated with the mineral wool, the insulation foil has to be installed
on the wool and underneath it in order to protect the wool against dampness,
both from the bottom and from the top.
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2. Bottom of the building in a building with basements
In buildings with basement, the horizontal
insulation has to be installed twice:
- on the continuous footings
- above the area under the ceiling over the
basements. (The purpose of the insulation is to
prevent the dampness from getting to the ceiling
and ground floor walls)
Vertical insulation outside walls
should also be made with due care.
If this is a wet area, it is necessary
to use additionally the drainage foil
with special splines in the form of
plugs located on this side of foil
that is pressed against the wall.
1. Brick, 2. Vertical insulation of the foundation
wall, 3. Vertical damp insulation BUDFOL or
EKOFOL IZ min. 0.2 mm, 4. Brick, 5. Waterproof
mortar wedge, 6. Horizontal water insulation
made of BUDFOL or EKOFOL IZ foil extended to
the edge of the continuous footings,
min. 0.2 mm, 7. Thermal insulation of the
cornice, 8. Water insulation turned up on the
wall with the view of additional separation of
walls from capillary dampness pullup (IZOPLAST)
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3. The bottom of the building with wooden frame structure
with ventilated subfloor space
A solution characteristic for
buildings with framework structure
is the ceiling over the ground level
and ventilated subfloor space.
The walls in the frame structure
are tight thanks to the application
of the vapour-barrier foil.
1. Curtain wall made of clinker brick,
2. Ventilation gap, 3. Wind insulation,
4. Glass wool, 5. Sheathing made of
waterproof plywood, 6. Glass wool,
7. BUDFOL or EKOFOL PI vapour barrier,
8. Additional layers of glass wool,
9. Gypsum board, 10. Ceiling structure
sheathing made of waterproof plywood,
11. Glass wool, 12. Insulation,
13. Ventilated subfl oor space,
14. BUDFOL or EKOFOL PI vapour barrier,
15. Sand bed between foundations,
16. ventilation openings
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Building external walls
A modern external wall complying with requirements of building thermal
protection consists of the following layers:
–
–
–
–
Internal finish
Load-bearing layer (construction layer)
Insulation layer (thermal insulation, vapour-barrier)
External board layer
Due to dampness-thermal phenomena, external walls should meet the
following requirements:
– Thermal flux from heated rooms should be blocked as much
as possible and directed backwards
– Water vapour should be ensured free flow through all wall layers
Multilayer walls should be constructed in such a way that layers with big diffusional
resistance (poorly vapour-permeable) are as close as possible to the internal, warm surface
of the wall. In this configuration, the water vapour may get outside the wall in the same
amount it enters the wall, without condensing inside it.
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Building external walls
The type of walls:
a) Monolithic foundation walls made of concrete and steel
b) Two-layer walls thermally insulated using the light-wet method and the foamed polystyrene
c) Brick walls with ventilated siding facade („light-dry” method)
or stone slabs facade („heavy-dry” method)
d) Wooden stud wall
e) Curtain walls made of coated profiled metal plates used as a light hall cladding
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Building external walls
The water vapour diffusion phenomenon in a wall consisting of the structure,
insulation and facade parts:
Very good,
Good,
Average,
Bad,
permeable facade
layer (small diff
usional resistance
plaster),
tight facade layer –
ventilation gap
should be used
tight facade layer –
thanks to the
vapour-barrier the
vapour does not
reach the
insulation
the vapour reaches
the thermal
insulation causing
the condensation.
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Building external walls
a) Monolithic foundation walls made of concrete and steel
The thickness of those walls are between 20 and 40 cm.
Concrete structure elements are made in the boarding.
Boarding of the foundation wall
up to 1 m high
1. Top – made of tightly adhering boards nailed
to the posts, 2. Continuous footing – it has to be
wider than the foundation wall so it protrudes at
least 5 cm on each side, 3. Insulation – the
boarding is placed on the footing after
installation of the horizontal IZOPLAST insulation
Boarding of the foundation wall
over 1 m high
1. Top – made of 2.5 cm thick boards,
2. IZOPLAST horizontal insulation
– on continuous footing, 3. Continuous footing
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Building external walls
b) Two-layer walls thermally insulated using
the light-wet method and the foamed polystyrene
The „light-wet” technology consists in gluing (or gluing and fixing by means of pins)
thermal insulation material plates to the external surface of the wall, covering the
thermal insulation material with a thin layer of the mesh-reinforced mortar and finally in
applying the plaster coating.
c) Brick walls with ventilated siding facade („light-dry” method)
or stone slabs facade („heavy-dry”method)
1. Siding,
2. ventilation gap,
3. WIGOFOL wind
insulation, 4. Glass
wool, 5. Main wall
1. Siding,
2. Ventilation gap.
3. WIGOFOL wind
insulation,
4. Glass wool,
5. Main wall
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Building external walls
d) Wooden stud wall
1. Horizontal boards facing,
2. WIGOFOL wind insulation,
3. Structure sheathing made of waterproof plywood,
4. Thermal insulation made of mineral wool,
5. BUDFOL/EKOFOL PI/STROTEX AL vapour-barrier foil,
6. Additional thermal insulation made of mineral wool,
7. Internal sheathing made of gypsum boards
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Building external walls
d) Curtain walls made of coated
profiled metal plates used
as a light hall cladding
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Coated profiled metal plate,
WIGOFOL wind insulation,
Stone wool thermal insulation,
BUDFOL/EKOFOL PI/STROTEX AL vapour-barrier foil,
Coated profiled metal plate,
Steel hall structure
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Ceilings and floors
Ceilings/floors, i.e. horizontal partitions between storeys fulfil
the following functions:
– They bear their own weight, operational loads and partition wall loads;
– They stiff en building walls;
– They constitute a basis for the floor;
– They protect against propagation of fire between storeys;
– They constitute thermal insulation between storeys,
– They act as acoustic insulation between storeys;
– They act as the water insulation in damp rooms.
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Ceilings and floors
The layers of the floor, which can be used in different combinations
in living quarters, are the following:
– Vapour-barrier or water insulation (kitchens, bathrooms);
– Thermal insulation layer acting at the same time as the acoustic insulation
– Structural layer of the floor – concrete screed, dry jointless floor or wooden joists;
– Base under the finish layer – glue, glue mortar, etc.;
– Finish layer – wood flooring, wooden boards, ceramic tiles, stone slabs,
plastic and carpet covering, floor panels.
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Ceilings and floors
Principles of floor designing:
1. In rooms with higher air humidity (e.g. laundries), layers of the thermal insulation should
be covered with a vapour-barrier layer (BUDFOL PAROIZOLACJA, BUDFOL 3W, EKOFOL PI or
STROTEX AL).
2. In wet and damp rooms, where water may often be spilled (e.g. baths, lavatories),
waterproof insulation should be made (BUDFOL or EKOFOL IZ).
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Ceilings and floors
Flowing floor with electric floor heating
with hydrophobic stone wool insulation.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
Ceramic or stone tiles,
Flexible glue mortar,
concrete screed,
Heating cables
base concrete screed,
thermal insulation layer,
BUDFOL/EKOFOL PI/STROTEX AL
vapour-barrier in case of a floor
above a basement,
8. Rib-and-slab floor,
9. Glass wool insulation band,
separating the concrete screed
from the wall on the whole floor
circumference
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Ceilings and floors
Wooden beam floor with blind floor made of wooden boards,
finished as a fl owing, dry jointless floor.
1. dry jointless floor made
of gypsum boards,
2. Glass wool hard plate,
3. BUDFOL/EKOFOL PI/STROTEX AL
vapour-barrier foil
(in case of the floor above
a non-heated basement),
4. Floor boards,
5. Thermal and acoustic insulation,
6. Floor beam,
7. Gypsum board,
8. Floor beams wrapped with IZOPLAST
insulation foil in the place
of support on the brick wall
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Windows
Methods of securing window openings with vapour-barrier foil
1. Opening in the wall, 2. Vapour-barrier foil,
3. Min. 15 cm wide vapour-barrier foil stripe,
4. Overlaps of subsequent vapour-barrier stripes
min. 15 cm
1. Frame posts, 2. Cut foil, 3. Vapour-barrier foil
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Balcony doors
Balcony doors in a building with three-layer cavity walls
1. Horizontal water insulation BUDFOL IZOLACJA/
EKOFOL IZ of the balcony fl oor is turned up on the
wall to the height of 30 cm (the range of splashing
rainwater)
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