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ASHRAE WILL GIVE
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LEED v4
Energy &
Atmosphere
Credits
Daniel H. Nall, PE, FAIA, FASHRAE,
LEED Fellow, BEMP, HBDP
SYSKA HENNESSY GROUP
1515 Broadway
New York, NY 10036
November 13, 2014
AGENDA
• Introduction to LEED
• Summary of LEED EA Category
 Prerequisites
 Points
• E&A Credit 2
 Whole Building Energy Simulation
 Comparison of Design Options
 Typical Iterations
 Strategies and Tools to Maximize Energy Credits
• E&A Credits 3-6
• Q&A: Open Discussion
LEEDTM - LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
A leading edge certification system for design,
construction, maintenance, and operations of green
buildings.
Purpose:
• Market Transformation
• Define “green”
• Prevent “Greenwashing”
• Integrate Disciplines
• Promote Competition
LEEDTM - LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
History:
• LEED 1.0
• LEED 2.0
• LEED 2.1
• LEED 2.2
• LEED 3.0
• LEED v4
LEEDTM - LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
CHARACTERISTICS OF LEED v4:
• Bookshelf Approach – Standard Credits
• Separate Applications





LEED BD+C
LEED Homes
LEED ID+C
LEED BOM
LEED ND
• 110 Points Differently Allocated to Credits
by Application
• Regional Adaptation
LEEDTM - LEADERSHIP IN ENERGY
AND ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN
SPECIAL VERSIONS OF LEED v4 BD+C:
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
New Construction and Major Renovation
Core and Shell Development
Schools
Retail
Data Centers
Warehouses and Distribution Centers
Hospitality
Healthcare
Multifamily Midrise
LEEDTM v4: Credit Categories
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Integrative Process*
Location and Transportation*
Sustainable Sites
Water Efficiency
Energy and Atmosphere
Materials and Resources
Indoor Environmental Quality
Innovation
Regional Priority
* New to LEED v4
LEEDTM Energy and Atmosphere Category
0
0
0 Energy and Atmosphere
33
Y
Prereq
Fundamental Commissioning and Verification
Required
Y
Prereq
Minimum Energy Performance
Required
Y
Prereq
Building-Level Energy Metering
Required
Y
Prereq
Fundamental Refrigerant Management
Required
Credit
Enhanced Commissioning
6
Credit
Optimize Energy Performance
18
Credit
Advanced Energy Metering
1
Credit
Demand Response
2
Credit
Renew able Energy Production
3
Credit
Enhanced Refrigerant Management
1
Credit
Green Pow er and Carbon Offsets
2
LEED v4 for New Construction and Major Renovations Rating System
LEEDTM v4: New Prerequisites and Credits
1.
2.
3.
4.
Building Level Energy Metering Prerequisite
Demand Response Credit
Renewable Energy Production Credit (Offsite allowable)
Advanced Energy Metering Credit
EA Prereq: Fundamental
Commissioning of Building Energy
Systems
INTENT: To support the design, construction, and eventual
operation of a project that meets the owner’s project
requirements for energy, water, indoor environmental quality,
and durability.
REQUIREMENTS : Complete specified commissioning (Cx)
process activities for mechanical, electrical, plumbing, and
renewable energy systems and assemblies, in accordance
with ASHRAE Guideline 0-2005 and ASHRAE Guideline
1.1–2007 for HVAC&R Systems, as they relate to energy,
water, indoor environmental quality, and durability.
For enclosure systems, include requirements in Owner’s
Project Requirements (OPR) andBasis of Design (BOD), as
well as the review of the OPR, BOD and project design
EA Prereq : Minimum Energy Performance
INTENT: To reduce the environmental and economic harms
of excessive energy use by achieving a minimum level of
energy efficiency for the building and its systems.
REQUIREMENTS : Comply with mandatory requirements of
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2010 and demonstrate the energy
performance of the building by:
1. Use whole building energy model to demonstrate below
improvement compared with 90.1-2010 Appendix G,
•
•
•
5% New Construction
3% Major Renovations
2% Core and Shell
2. Comply with the HVAC and Water Heating Requirements in
ASHRAE 50% Advanced Energy Design Guide for that Building
Type.
3. Comply with Specified Sections of Advanced Buildings Core
Performance Guide (from NBI)
EA Prereq : Minimum Energy Performance
– Flow Chart
Comparison: ASHRAE 90.1-2007
to ASHRAE 90.1-2010
Comparison: ASHRAE 90.1-2007
to ASHRAE 90.1-2010
Comparison: ASHRAE 90.1-2007
to ASHRAE 90.1-2010
EA Prereq : Minimum Energy Performance
– Data centers
Required Improvement
• 5% overall performance improvement
• At least 2% of improvement from building power and cooling
systems
• Improvement must be before renewable energy credit
Two calculation models
• Building energy cost model
• IT equipment energy cost model
• LEED Data Center Calculator (download)
(http://www.usgbc.org/resources/minimum-energyperformance-data-center-calculator)
Two Cases (report PUE for both)
• Start-up IT load
• Maximum expected IT load
EA Prereq : Building Level
Energy Metering
INTENT: To support energy management and identify
opportunities for additional energy savings by tracking
building-level energy use.
REQUIREMENTS: Install new or use existing buildinglevel energy meters, or submeters that can be
aggregated to provide building-level data representing
total building energy consumption (electricity, natural
gas, chilled water, steam, fuel oil, propane, biomass,
etc).
Commit to sharing with USGBC the resulting energy
consumption data and electrical demand data (if
metered) for a five-year period beginning on the date
the project accepts LEED certification.
EA Prereq: Fundamental
Refrigerant Management
INTENT: To reduce stratospheric ozone depletion
REQUIREMENTS : Zero use of chlorofluorocarbon
(CFC) based refrigerants In new buildings
Complete a comprehensive CFC phase-out conversion
before project completion for reuse of existing
equipment
EA Credit: Enhanced Commissioning
INTENT: To further support the design, construction, and
eventual operation of a project that meets the owner’s project
requirements for energy, water, indoor environmental quality,
and durability
METHOD: Implement, or have in place a contract to implement,
the following commissioning process activities in addition to
those required under EA Prerequisite Fundamental
Commissioning and Verification.
•
•
•
Enhanced Commissioning (3 Points)
Monitoring Based Commission (1 Point)
Envelope Commissioning (2 Points)
EA Credit: Optimize Energy Performance
INTENT: To achieve increasing levels of energy performance
beyond the prerequisite standard to reduce environmental and
economic harms associated with excessive energy use.
METHOD: Comply with mandatory requirements of
ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2010 and demonstrate
improvement in energy performance by one of the following
options.
•
Whole building energy modeling (18 points, most building types;
16 points, schools, 20 points, healthcare)
•
Compliance with additional categories of ASHRAE 50%
Advanced Energy Design Guides
•
•
•
•
•
•
Building Envelope, Opaque Walls (1 Point)
Building Envelope Glazing (1 Point)
Interior Lighting (1 Point)
Sales Lighting , Retail Buildings only (1 Point)
Exterior Lighting (1 Point)
Plug Loads (1 Point)
EA Credit: Optimize Energy Performance Option 1 Whole Building Energy Modeling
Energy Cost Savings in Whole Building Energy Model Compared
with ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA 90.1-2010 Appendix G Baseline
EA Credit: Optimize Energy Performance Option 2 ASHRAE 50% Advanced Energy
Design Guides
Office
Hospitals
K12
Schools
Medium,
Big Box
Retail
EA Credit: Optimize Energy Performance Data Centers
Must use energy modeling
1. Proposed model with full IT loading (normal performance rating
method, PRM, model)
2. Proposed model with initial IT loading
3. ASHRAE model with full IT loading (normal PRM model)
4. ASHRAE model with initial IT loading (optional)
5. ASHRAE model with “baseline” IT loading (optional)
6. ASHRAE 90.1-2010 explicitly deals with data center requirements
Performance rating strategies:
1. No enhanced IT strategy (compare model 1 with model 3)
2. Enhanced IT strategy (compare model 1 with model 5)
3. High part load efficiency strategy (compare model 2 with model 4);
Use data center calculator spreadsheet from USGBC
EA Credit: Optimize Energy Performance Data Centers
Loads included in energy modeling
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Incoming transformers
Switchgear
UPS systems
Power distribution units
Generator block heaters
Power distribution wiring
Provide full and part load efficiencies for:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Service transformers
Switchgear
Uninterruptible power systems
Power distribution units
Base Case
1. Recommended conditions ASHRAE TC9.9 2011 Thermal
Guidelines for Data Processing Environments
2. For enhanced IT performance Base Case use USGBC Calculator
EA Credit: Optimize Energy Efficiency Retail – Energy Modeling Guide
Define clear baseline for process loads
• LEED BD&C Reference Guide Appendix 3, Tables 1-4
• Food Service Technology Center worksheets
• Energy Star ratings
Baseline for display lighting
• ANSI/ASHRAE/IESNA Standard 90.1–2010
• Space by space method
Commercial Refrigeration
EA Credit: Optimize Energy Efficiency Retail – Energy Modeling Guide
– Process Energy Calculation
EA Credit: Optimize Energy Efficiency District Energy and Cogeneration
Option 1, Whole-Building Energy Simulation.
Path 1: ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Appendix G
• Both baseline and proposed plant use purchased energy
sources (can be actual internal accounting rates)
• Rates for purchased energy same for both cases
• Purchased energy rate may be actual or calculated
Path 2: Full DES performance accounting
• Baseline plant - ASHRAE 90.1-2010, Appendix G
• Proposed design – Virtual model of proposed or existing DES
plant, same components, efficiencies, capacities and losses.
• Rates for electric and fuel energy sources same for both cases.
• New guidelines embedded in V4
EA Credit: Optimize Energy Efficiency District Energy and Cogeneration
Option 1, Whole-Building Energy Simulation.
Path 3: Streamlined DES modeling (simple energy systems).
• Use USGBC calculator to allocate plant energy costs to plant
output energy products
• Use ASHRAE 90.1-2010 energy efficiencies for components to
calculate average annual efficiency for baseline case
• Calculate average annual efficiency, including all losses and
parasitic energy, using actual equipment and systems for
proposed plant, and calculate actual cost of plant output energy
products.
EA Credit: Optimize Energy Efficiency Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Baseline plant - ASHRAE 90.1-2010, Appendix G
Proposed Building CHP plant
• For existing plant – monitor annual fuel use, net output and fuel
rates and calculate annual efficiencies, and effective power rate
• For new plant, model plant components explicitly
Allocate electric output of plant for district plants
CHP_ELECbldg(simple systems) = (Xheat × BLDGheat) × CHP_ELECtotal
where
CHP_ELECbldg = CHP electricity generation allocated to building
Xheat = fraction of CHP plant’s total production of waste heat applied to the
DES directly
BLDGheat = fraction of total district heat provided to building
CHP_ELECtotal = total CHP electricity generated at DES plant
EA Credit: Optimize Energy Efficiency Combined Heat and Power (CHP)
Allocation of District CHP Fuel Usage
Proposed BLDGfuel = (CHP_ELECbldg / CHP_ELECtotal ) × CHPfuel
where
Proposed CHP_ELECbldg = proposed case CHP input fuel allocated to
building
CHP_ELECtotal = CHP electricity generation allocated to building (from
previous calculations)
CHPfuel = total CHP electricity generated at DES plant
CHP_ELECtotal = total CHP fuel input for electricity generation at DES plant
Whole Building Simulation
WHY?
–
–
–
–
Best Method to Qualify for 18 LEED Credits
Qualify for Funding / Incentives
Submit for Code Compliance
“Best” Design Assist Tool
Whole Building Simulation
HOW?
–
–
–
–
–
Design Charrette (Goals)
Uses of Model
Identify “Iterations”
Compare Design Options
Economic Results
Complying with Code
•
Prescriptive Compliance
•
Building Envelope Trade-Off
•
Chapter 11 Energy Cost Budget (ECB) Method
vs. Surpassing Code
•
ASHRAE AEDG Compliance
•
New Building Institute Core Performance Guide
Compliance
•
Appendix G Performance Rating Method (PRM)
ASHRAE 90.1-2010 Appendix G:
Performance Rating Method
Demonstrate that the Proposed Design has
a Lower Annual Energy Cost than an
Appendix G Defined Baseline Building
ASHRAE 90.1-20010 Appendix G :
Process
•
Defined Baseline Building
•
Proposed Design
•
Energy Simulation Analysis with Applicable
Energy Tariffs
•
Savings Percentages and Points are Based
on Annual Energy Costs
Creating the Model
• Develop Building Geometry
• Create Loads/Zones
• Input Schedules
• Input Equipment/Systems
• Identify Energy Rates and
Tariffs
Artists For Humanity / Base Case
ANNUAL COST BREAKDOWN
Base Case
• SIMULATE
Advanced
1.0
0.819
0.8
0.750
0.693
0.639
$ / ft²
0.6
0.505
0.438
0.379
0.4
0.2
0.118
0
Int lights
0.031 0.012
0.041 0.041
Ext lights
Hot water
0.046
0
Other
Heating
Cooling
Fan
Appendix G – Defining the Baseline Building
Identical with Proposed Design with Some Exceptions
•
Code Minimum Parameters for Equipment,
Component, Assembly and Control Characteristics
Prescribed in Sections 5- 10
•
HVAC System by Building Type
•
Glazed Area Reduced to 40%
•
Fan and Pump Power Prescribed by Appendix G
•
Design Simulated in 4 Rotations to Normalize for
Orientation
•
Some Optional Energy Conservation Measures
Appendix G - Prescriptively Defined
Parameters
Code Specified for Budget Building but
Unlimited for Proposed Design
•
Lighting Power Density
•
Glazing Shading Coefficient
•
Wall and Roof Thermal Performance
•
HVAC Equipment Efficiency
•
Exterior Shading Devices (none for budget
building)
Appendix G - Non-Regulated Issues
Identical for Proposed Design and Budget
Building
•
Building Schedules
•
Process Loads
•
Architecture (plan and section)
•
Ventilation Air Rate (except for DCV)
•
HVAC System Heat Source and Heat
Rejection
•
Energy Tariffs
Develop Code Building vs. Design Case
Proposed Design
Baseline Case
LEED EAc2 Energy Modeling Process Flow
NO
Baseline
Model
Information
Gathering
YES
Design
Model
Review
Results make sense?
YES
Complete
LEED Template
Share results
with project team
Revisions?
NO
YES
Review
NO
Results make sense?
Are there
comments?
USGBC
Review
NO
Comments
Credit Earned
Comments
Address
Review
Comments
USGBC
Review
LEED EAc2 Modeling Review
Energy Usage in Existing Buildings
* SOURCE:
USDOE
Energy Utilization Index
Residence Building
Office Building
Lab & Office Building
Where We Came From
Computer Graphic Input for
Residential Thermal Analysis
Cornell University Program for
Computer Graphics 1976
Where We Are Now
CFD Simulation Streamlines – Hearst Headquarters Lobby, New York City
TM
LEED Energy Strategies:
Non-Starters
•
Architectural massing
•
HVAC system fuel source change
•
Internal non-regulated load reduction (base
case documentation difficult)
TM
LEED Energy Strategies:
Easy Winners
•
Daylight responsive lighting control above code
requirement
•
Exterior shading devices
•
Higher thermal performance envelope
•
Heat recovery where not required by code
•
Thermal storage
•
Low temperature cooling air delivery
•
For warm humid climates, fan delivery of
ventilation air only, sensible cooling through
hydronic distribution
TM
LEED Energy Strategies:
Limitations of ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G
•
Minimizes Energy Impact of Architecture
•
Arbitrary Energy Impact of System Energy
Sources/Sinks
•
Receptacle Use (25% of total) Impact Difficult to
Document
•
Individual Specification of Internal Loads/Schedules
Makes Comparison Difficult
•
Low Correlation with CO2 Emissions
TM
LEED Energy and Atmosphere
Credits Simulation Tools:
•
DOE2, Trace, eQUEST, EnergyPlus, IES VE
ApacheHVAC,
•
Not Energy 10
HVAC System Limitations
Single Zone with Diverse Exposures
•
Therm 7.2, Window 7.2, Optics 6.0 – NFRC
official software
•
NREL SAM, PVWatts, PVSYST, PV-DesignPro,
PV F-Chart, Solmetric PV Designer
TM
LEED Energy Strategies:
Building Façade Analysis
Thermal Analysis of Building Facades:
Assembly U-Value Calculation for Glazing
•
•
•
Must Use official NFRC Values for windows and curtain walls
Vendor Engages NFRC Lab to test custom assemblies
Values Can Be Estimated Using LBNL windows/Optics/Therm
Suite
LEED v3.0 EA c1:
Suburban Office Building
LEED v3.0 EA c1:
Suburban Office Building
PERFORMANCE: 31.8% Savings in Annual Energy Cost (10
points under LEED 3.0, 7 points under LEED 2.2)
STRATEGIES: The following measures resulted in significant
energy savings:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Very high efficiency building envelope
Daylight responsive lighting controls
High efficiency task-ambient lighting system
Cooling storage system using ice-making
Airside Economizer
Atrium with thermally active floor and ground coupled heatpump system.
7. Exterior Lighting
EA Credit: Advanced Energy Metering
INTENT: to support energy management and identify
opportunities for additional energy savings by tracking
building-level and system-level energy use.
METHOD: Install advanced energy metering for the
following:
•
All whole-building energy sources used by the building;
and
•
Any individual energy end uses that represent 10% or
more of the total annual consumption of the building.
•
Advanced energy metering must:







Be permanently installed
Record at intervals of an hour or less
Be remotely accessible
Record both electric demand and consumption
Use digital communication infrastructure
Store data for at least 36 months
Be capable of flexible summation and reporting
EA Credit: Demand Response
INTENT: To increase participation in demand response
technologies and programs that make energy generation and
distribution systems more efficient, increase grid reliability, and
reduce greenhouse gas emissions.
METHOD: Design building and equipment for participation in
demand response programs through load shedding or shifting.
Case 1. Demand Response program available (2 points)
•
Enroll in program for minimum one year with automatically dispatched
reduction of at least 10% of estimated peak demand
•
Include Demand Response in commissioning plan and participate in at
least one full test of system
Case 2. No Demand Response program available (1 point)
•
Provide infrastructure for future Demand Response of dynamic realtime pricing program and control
•
Install interval recording meters and utility communications
•
Develop plan to load-shed 10% of peak electric loads and commission
EA Credit: Renewable Energy Production
INTENT: To reduce the environmental and economic
harms associated with fossil fuel energy by increasing
self supplyof renewable energy.
METHOD: Offset annual energy cost through
production of renewable energy
FractionRE = CRE / CET
where
FractionRE = Annual renewable energy percentage
CRE = Equivalent energy cost of site produced renewable energy
CET = Annual energy cost for entire facility
Annual Renewable
Energy Percentage
1%
3%
5%
10%
Points
(except CS)
1
2
3
Points
(CS)
1
2
3
-
EA Credit: Renewable Energy Production
Architectural Wind
NRDC, Santa Monica
Georgia Tech Aquatic Center
Energy and Atmosphere
Whitehall Ferry Terminal – Photovoltaic
Analysis with PVDesignPro
EA Credit: Optimize Energy Efficiency and
EA Credit Renewable Energy Production
Worksheet
EA Credit: Enhanced Refrigerant
Management
INTENT: To reduce ozone depletion and support early
compliance with the Montreal Protocol while minimizing
direct contributions to climate change.
METHOD: Demonstrate impact limit for building refrigerant
systems (1 point)
Option 1. No refrigerants or Low-impact refrigerants
• Use no refrigerants
• Use refrigerants with ODP of 0.0 and GWP less than 50.
Option 2. Calculate weighted average refrigerant impact for
all base building HVACR equipment
LCGWP + LCODP x 105 ≤ 100
where
LCGWP: Lifecycle Direct Global Warming Potential
LCODP: Lifecycle Ozone Depletion Potential (lb CFC 11/Ton-Year)
EA Credit: Green Power and Carbon Offsets
INTENT: To encourage the reduction of greenhouse gas
emissions through the use of grid-source, renewable energy
technologies and carbon mitigation projects
METHOD: Engage in a contract for qualified resources for a
minimum of 5 years. Percentage of offset is determined by the
amount of energy consumed, not cost. Energy usage determined
by EAp2 Option 1 calculation or CBECS.
Percentage of total energy addressed by
green power, REC’s and/or offsets
Points
50%
1
100%
2
Regional Credits
INTENT: To recognize that the importance of
environmental issues and remedies varies across the
regions, of the US and the world
METHOD: To give additional points for meeting the
requirements of credits that have critical importance in a
region. For the West Virginia area, the following Energy and
Atmosphere (E&A) Credits get an additional point:
1. In EA Credit: Renewable Energy Production, achieving
1% or more of on-site renewable energy generation
TM
LEED RESOURCES
www.usgbc.org
www.leedbuilding.org
Thank You
Questions?
Daniel H. Nall, PE, FAIA, FASHRAE,
LEED Fellow, BEMP, HBDP
SYSKA HENNESSY GROUP
1515 Broadway
New York, NY 10036