Transcript 3. International relations and European integration

3. International relations and
European integration
2.Do the Protestants and the Roman
Catholics share the same version of
the Old Testament?
a.the Bible of Judaism plus 7 other
books and additional books in Greek.
b.the Bible of Judaism.
3.What is the significant feature in the
ordering of books in the Jewish Bible?
a.the Torah (Law), the books of Moses
b.the Nebiim (Prophets)
c.the Ketubim (Writings)
4.What is the significant feature in the
ordering of books in the Christian Old
Testament?
a.the Pentateuch 摩西五书(Laws)
b.historical books
c.poetic or wisdom books
d.prophetical books
5.How important is Bible in Jewish and
Christian religious life?
a.the basis for public worship
b.the basis for private devotion
6.What is the significant feature in the
ordering of books in New Testament?
a.the four Gospels (books about the
life of Christ) by Matthew, Mark,
Luke and John
b.the Acts of the Apostles (chosen by
Christ to spread Christianity), an
early history
c.Epistles (letters) of Paul and other
writers
d.an apocalypse (books of revelation)
THE OLD TESTAMENT
1.How did early Christians distinguish
the Old Testament from the New
Testament?
a.agreement God made with Israel
b.agreement made through Jesus
2.Why is the Old Testament in fact a
library more than a unified book?
a.a big collection of different books
b.with various types of literature
c.and oral tradition in the Near East
3.Why is the Old Testament seen as
a narrative Hebrew history with
God behind the scenes?
a.with books reporting past events
b.showing God’s power on human
events
4.What are the general linguistic
features of the poetic works in the
Old Testament?
a.parallelism
b.rhythm
5. What are the general themes of
the Hebrew wisdom poetry?
a.advice for living a successful life
b.reflections on relationship
between following the wise path
and obedience to the divinely
revealed law
c.the meaning of life in the face of
death
6. Why do speeches predominate in
the Hebrew prophetic literature?
The essence of prophetic activity
was to announce God’s words of
punishment or salvation, which
concern the immediate future.
7. What are the Hebrew laws in the
Old Testament represent by?
a.the apodictic无可质疑的:by the
Ten Commandments
b.the casuistic诡辩的:by problems
of condition–legal consequences
concerning farming and town life
8.When did the apocalyptic writings
arise and what are their major
features? 500BC
a.disclosure of future events
b.lengthy dream or vision report
c.with highly symbolic images and
according explanations
d.reflecting the author’s historical
view of his time as one with evil
powers’ final dash against God,
which will lead to a new age
9.How is the Old Testament related
to the history of Israel?
As the major source of information
concerning Israel’s history:
a. the exodus from Egypt (1300 BC)
b. monarchy (1000 BC)-proper form
of government to deal with internal
strife and external threat
c. the exile in Babylon-Jerusalem lost
(597 BC)/destroyed (586 BC)
b. the return to Palestine (538 BC)
Saint Jerome
Saint Jerome is best
known for his
translation of the Bible
from Greek and Hebrew
into Latin. This
translation, known as
the Vulgate, was used
for many centuries. In
this portrait of Saint
Jerome (1521) by
German Reformation
artist Albrecht Dürer, he
is shown surrounded by
his scholarly books and
a skull, a traditional
reminder that death
awaits us all.
Kingdoms of Judah and
Israel
Despite his desire to
unify and improve the
vast empire of his father,
King David, King
Solomon’s oppressive
rule caused much
dissension among the
Israelites and eventually
led to the division of the
kingdom following his
death. The northern part
of his realm became the
kingdom of Israel, while
the southern became
the kingdom of Judah.
10.What are the major theological
themes of the Old Testament?
A. Yahweh--the God of Israel, of
justice, fairness in all affairs
B. covenant--agreement (Yahweh/
Israel) sealed at Sinai; law that
governs behavior in relation to
others and religious practices
C. man--an animate body; a unity
of physical matter and life, a gift
of God; death as a vivid reality
Creation of Adam
According to the
book of Genesis,
the first book of
the Bible, God
created Adam, the
first man, in his
own image from
dust. In this fresco
from the ceiling of
the Sistine Chapel,
Italian Renaissance
artist Michelangelo
depicted God in
human form,
giving Adam the
breath of life.
The Fall of Man
When the woman
saw that the tree
was good for food,
and that it was a
delight to the eyes,
and that the tree
was to be desired to
make one wise, she
took of its fruit, and
ate; and she gave
some to her
husband with her,
and he ate. The
eyes of both of them
were opened, and
they knew that they
were naked. They
sewed fig leaves
together, and made
themselves aprons.
11.What are the spiritual standards
of the Old Testament?
1) Yahweh as the supreme God
2) no other gods to be worshiped
3) no cursing others
4) observing Sunday as a holy day
5) be pious to parents
6) no murdering
7) no committing adultery
8) no stealing
9) no lying against others
10) no greed
Moses Smashing the
Commandments
The Ten Commandments
serve as the fundamental
moral laws of Judaism and
Christianity. According to
the Hebrew Bible (known
to Christians as the Old
Testament), Moses
received the Ten
Commandments directly
from God on Mount Sinai.
He smashed the tablets
upon returning from the
top of the mountain when
he found that the
Israelites had begun to
worship a golden calf.
THE NEW TESTAMENT
1. What is the original language of
the New Testament? Greek
2. What are the four major types of
literature in its documents?
A. Gospels: with accounts of Jesus’
arrest-trial-death- resurrection
B. History: theological narrative of
Jesus and the Christian church
set in the history of Israel and of
the Roman Empire
C. Epistles: letters used by church
leaders and writers as sermons,
exhortations or treatises;
D. Apocalyptic writing: visionary,
symbolic, pessimistic about future;
3. How is the New Testament related
to history?
A. with stories of Jesus and Christian
church in time sequence;
B. infancy story of Jesus set on that
of Moses in the Old Testament;
C. Apostles in 12 Israeli tribes and
the early church: Peter, Andrew,
James the Great, Bartholomew,
John, Philip, Thomas, Matthew,
James the less, Thaddeus, Simon,
Judas (replaced by Matthias); Paul,
4. What are the major theological
themes of the New Testament?
A. God-creator; sustainer of universe;
source/end of all; with love, justice,
mercy, judgment and forgiveness;
B. Jesus-as a prophet like Moses, the
second Adam, the Son of God, the
eternal mediator of creation and
redemption, as presence of God,
his sufferings and death as God’s
relentless love, his resurrection as
God’s approval of his life, death,
and message
C. Holy spirit-as active presence of
God, which empowered Jesus, the
church, disciples to serve the good
D. Kingdom of God-as the central
message of Jesus in his ministry
E. Salvation-redemption coexists
with creation; even hostile spirits
would be brought into harmony
with the benevolent plan of God.
F. Ethics-religious belief connected
with moral behavior inwardly and
in relation to others, and to God;
all instructions based on the Old
Testament as God’s expectations
5. What are the spiritual standards of
the New Testament?
Love for God and others; do to one
whatever you desire for him to do
to you; no adultery; no murdering;
no stealing; no false testimony; no
greed;
6. What is the significance of the
translation of Bible into English?
The Bible no longer possessed and
used by clergy alone; English as a
mixture of French, Anglo-Norman;
Saint Mark Writing His
Gospel
This illuminated
manuscript depicting
Saint Mark writing his
gospel, comes from a
leaf of a 13th-century
Byzantine Psalter.
According to tradition,
during the 1st century
ad Mark authored the
Bible’s second Gospel,
relying upon the
teachings of Saint
Peter.
Timeline of the Gospels
Derived from the Old English word godspel, the word gospel means “good news,” and refers to the
life and teachings of Jesus Christ. The four Gospels—Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John—contain
accounts of different time periods and events in the life of Jesus Christ. Matthew and Luke begin at
the birth of Jesus, while Mark and John begin at Jesus’ baptism. While Mark, Matthew, and Luke
provide similar accounts in a similar style, John exhibits a distinctive style and original accounts.
The Birth of Christ
Now the birth of Jesus Christ
was like this; for after his
mother, Mary, was engaged to
Joseph, before they came
together, she was found
pregnant by the Holy Spirit.
Joseph, her husband, being a
righteous man, and not willing to
make her a public example,
intended to put her away
secretly. But when he thought
about these things, an angel of
the Lord appeared to him in a
dream, saying, "Joseph, son of
David, don't be afraid to take to
yourself Mary, your wife, for that
which is conceived in her is of
the Holy Spirit. She shall bring
forth a son. You shall call his
name Jesus, for it is he who shall
save his people from their sins."
Jesus’ baptism
Immediately
following the
baptism, the
Gospels describe
the opening of the
heavens and the
descent of the Holy
Spirit. Baptism of
Christ, a panel
painting by 15thcentury Italian
artist Piero della
Francesca, depicts
the Holy Spirit, in
the form of a dove,
descending above
the head of Christ.
Ministry of Jesus
After receiving his
baptism from John the
Baptist on the shore of
the Jordan River, Jesus
began three years of
ministry. During that
time, Jesus traveled
throughout the
provinces of Judea and
Galilee—areas now
part of Israel and the
West Bank. At the
conclusion of his
ministry, Jesus
traveled to Jerusalem,
where he was
crucified.
Leonardo da Vinci’s The Last Supper (about 1495-1497)
decorates a wall at Santa Maria delle Grazie in Milan,
Italy. This mural depicts the moment immediately
following Christ’s dramatic announcement to his
disciples that “One of you shall betray me.”
The Death of Christ
Jesus turned to the people,
mourning and lamenting him:
"Daughters of Jerusalem,
don't weep for me, but weep
for yourselves and for your
children. For the days are
coming in which they will say,
'Blessed are the barren, the
wombs that never bore, and
the breasts that never
nursed.' Then they will begin
to tell the mountains, 'Fall on
us!' and tell the hills, 'Cover
us.'For if they do these things
in the green tree, what will be
done in the dry?" There were
also others, two criminals, led
with him to be put to death.
Resurrection and ascension of Christ
Jesus lifted up his hands, and blessed them. It happened, while he
blessed them, that he withdrew from them, and was carried up into
heaven.
The Ascension of Christ
Fourteenth-century English theologian John Wycliffe sponsored the first complete
translation of the Bible into English. He undertook the task of making the Christian
Scriptures generally available to lay people. His writings later inspired Martin Luther,
leader of the Protestant Reformation.