Transcript What Makes Us Civilized?

What Makes Us Civilized?
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• Political Organization
P. E.
• Political Organization
• Economy
P. E. R.
• Political Organization
• Economy
• Religion
P. E. R. S.
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Political Organization
Economy
Religion
Society/Social Classes
P. E. R. S. I.
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Political Organization
Economy
Religion
Society/Social Classes
Innovations/Technology
P. E. R. S. I. A.
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Political Organization
Economy
Religion
Society/Social Classes
Innovations/Technology
Art/Architecture
Mesopotamia
Land Between Two Rivers
Crossroads of Three Continents
Mesopotamia
The Fertile Crescent
•Floods
unpredictable
•No natural
barriers for
defense
•Few natural
resources
except reeds
Sumerians
3000 BCE
Sumerian Political Organization
• Priests with religious and power
– Success of crops
– irrigation
• Warrior kings
– Defense
– Dynasties
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City-states—Ur
Laws
Taxes
Public Works
– Ziggurats
– Walled cities
Royal Standard of Ur
What does this
reveal about
Mesopotamian
culture?
Found in the royal cemetery. Depicts scenes of war and peace
Economy
• Agriculture
– Catastrophic floods
• Irrigation
• Canals
– Date Palms, grains such
as barley and wheat
• Trade
– Traded—grain, cloth,
crafted tools
– Received—stone, wood,
metal
Mesopotamian Trade
From Egypt to India
Sumerian Cylinder Seals
•Carved in reverse to leave a negative image.
•Used as receipts and to show ownership.
Religion
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Polytheistic
Goddesses
Afterlife
Pessimistic
Society
• Social Hierarchy
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Kings, ruling family and Priests
Merchants, scribes, lesser priests
Peasant farmers
Slaves
– Captured in war
– Sold self into slavery to pay off
debts
Sumerian Scribes
Over 500 characters—
required years of schooling
Innovations
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Cuneiform
Canals, dams, irrigation
Mud bricked walls
Wheeled vehicles, sail, plow??
Number system based on 60
Arches, columns, ramps
Ziggurat
Cuneiform
Wedge Shaped Writing on Clay Tablets
Earliest form of writing
Deciphering Cuneiform
Metallurgy Skills
What is the significance
that gold could not be
found within 200 miles of
Mesopotamia?
Art and Architecture
Ziggurats
Tallest building
in the city-state
Grim view of
afterlife
• Babylonian
– Hammurabi
• Law Code
Hammurabi’s Code
STELE
Hammurabi the Judge
“Eye for an eye”
Why are written
laws important?
The Ancient Egyptians
These expensive projects were part
of the reason for the decline.
Climatic disasters also led to
decreased grain supply
Slaves were not used to build
these but rather peasants who
did so instead of paying taxes,
public works projects, or
serving in the military
Satellite photo of Nile River
Deserts, jungles,
seas, and
cataracts
provided natural
barriers
Rich, fertile soil
Source=Lake
Victoria to the
south
Optimistic
outlook
Reliance on
floods
Nile River
“Longest River in the World”
Lower
Upper
Egypt: The Gift of the Nile
•Canals built to connect
Red Sea and Nile River
•95% of the Egyptian
people live on 5% of the
land
Annual flooding of
the Nile
The Fertile Nile Valley
What can you tell about the
Egyptians from the picture?
Irrigation
Menes
Unifier of Upper and Lower Egypt
3000 BCE
1st Pharaoh
Ancient Egyptian Housing
Middle Class
Housing
Peasant Homes
Daily Life
Social Hierarchy
Women could
own property
and succeed to
the throne
Pharoahs
Thutmose III
Amenhotep
Queen Hatshepsut
“Akenaton”
1480 BCE
1370 BCE
Akenaton “First Monotheist?”
Said he
was=to sun
god
Priests
unhappy=
Why?
Tutankhamen
Ramses
Last Pharaoh
Archaeologist Howard Carter 1922
Priestly Class
Scribe
First scribes were priests
Papyrus = Paper
Hieratic Scroll Piece
Used to make rope, mats,
sandals, baskets
Champollion and the Rosetta Stone
•1799—French troops
•Stone commemorates
visit of Greek
Ambassador—written in
hieroglyphics, hieratic,
and Greek
Hieroglyphics
24 letters plus 700 phonetics
Literacy needed in
the bureaucracy
to keep the
records
Gods and Goddesses
Osiris
God of
underworld
Isis
Horus
Book of the Dead
A collection of
hymns as a guide to
the afterlife.
Anubis weighs
heart against
feather
The Final Judgment
Osiris, Anubis, Horus
Trade Routes
Nile, Canals to Red Sea, Overland
Innovations
Medical texts
Hieroglyphics
Math based on
units of ten
Astronomy
Hittites
Beginning of Iron Age
origin in present day Turkey
1900 BCE-1193 BCE
Spoke wheeled
chariots
Iron Weapons
The Harappan Civilization
3300 BCE - 2400 BCE
Citadel
of
Mohenjo-Daro
Grid layout
Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro
Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro
Main Street, Mohenjo-Daro
pottery, Mohenjo-Daro
Bison Seal, Mohenjo-Daro
Necklace, Mohenjo-Daro
Public Well, Harappa
Unicorn Seal, Harappa
Burial Pottery, Harappa
Harappan Writing
Undecipherable to date.
China’s History
Shang Dynasty
1700-1027 BCE
Huang He River
Oracle Bones
Zhou
1028-771 BCE
Mandate of Heaven
The Zhou justified
taking over from the
Shang by saying that
they had lost divine
approval to rule
Zhou Dynasty
1029-258 BCE
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Leaders/Traits
Walled cities
Trade routes between
cities
Mandate of Heaven
Feudalism
Philosophy
• Daoism
– Laozi
– 500’s BCE
• Confucianism
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Mencius
Analects
Chaotic government
522 BCE