Transcript Pharaohs of Egypt - Johnson Graphic Design

Land of the Pharaohs
Rulers of Ancient Egypt
Pharaohs
 Pharaohs were considered both
divine deities & mortal rulers
 30+ dynasties, more than 170
rulers spanning 3000 years
 The throne was intended to be
passed from father to son
 not always the case
Pharaohs
 Ruled between 3150 B.C. and 30 B.C.
 Ended when Rome conquered Egypt
 New Family = New Kingdom
 Rulers intermarried with relatives to
keep the throne within the family
 Control of Egypt still changed hands
 “pharaoh” means the “great house”
and refers to the royal palace
Timeline
 3100 – 2686 BCE Early Dynastic Period
 2686 – 2181 BCE Old Kingdom
 2181 – 2055 BCE 1st Intermediate Period
 2055 – 1650 BCE Middle Kingdom
 1650 – 1550 BCE 2nd Intermediate Period
 1550 – 1069 BCE New Kingdom
 1069 – 664 BCE 3rd Intermediate Period
 664 – 332 BCE Late Period
 525 – 332 BCE Achaemenid Egypt
 332 – 30 BCE Ptolemaic Egypt
Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom
United Under…
King Menes
King Mentuhotep
Pharaoh Ahmose I
Capital
Memphis
Thebes
Thebes
Age of…
“Age of Pyramids”
Construction
Egyptian Art
Sculptures
Pharaoh
Burial Location
Pyramids
Hidden tombs
The Valley of the Kings
inaccessible god-king
who rules absolutely over
his people
the “shepherd of his people” with
the task to build public works and
produce for the welfare of the
state
a leader and ruler of an
empire, but also as an
important figure in religion
and religious practice
Pharaohs
"Golden Age“
Stability
Territorial expansion
"Imperial Age"
Expansion period
Military conquest
Peak of power Prosperous
Menes
 Early Dynastic Period- started First Dynasty
 Founded City of Memphis
 good location
 Strong defensive position
 unify upper and lower Egypt
Popular Pharaohs
 Djoser
 ruled during the Old Kingdom
 built the first true stone pyramid, the Step Pyramid
 Thutmose III
 ruled 1479–1425 BCE
 6th pharaoh of the 18th dynasty.
 created the largest empire ever in Egypt’s History
 Amenhotep III
 ruled 1391–1353 BCE
 9th pharaoh of the 18th dynasty
 ruled during the peak of Egypt's power.
Popular Pharaohs
 Hatshepsut
 ruled 1478 – 1458 BCE during the New Kingdom
 2nd Female ruler
 organized military campaigns & trade expeditions for exotic goods
 Akhenaten
 ruled 1353 –1336 BCE during the New Kingdom
 forbid the worship of the old gods
 worship of his god, Aten.
 Khufu
 ruled during the Old Kingdom
 built the Great Pyramid
Popular Pharaohs

Ramses II
 Ruled 1279–1213 BCE during the New Kingdom
 many of his building projects still standing today
 sired over 100 children with more than a dozen wives

Ramses III
 Ruled 1186–1155 BCE the last king of the New Kingdom
 saw the decline of Egyptian political and economic power
 He was murdered by one of his wives

Cleopatra VII
 51–12 BCE Ptolemaic Egypt, last pharaoh
 ruled beside three pharaohs
 lover of Julius Caesar & Marc Antony
 After rule, Egypt became Province of Rome
Popular Pharaohs
 Tutankhamun
 “King Tut”
 1332–1323 BCE, New Kingdom
 after death of Akhenaten (Father)
 restored capital to Thebes and worship of the old gods
 Pharaoh at 9, Died at 18
 Death
 Not an Assassination
 combined effects of Malaria, broken leg, genetic defects (parents were siblings)
 Tomb discovered in 1907 (Valley of the Kings) by Howard Carter
 Most complete Egyptian Burial Tomb ever discovered
Crowns
 White Crown - the crown of Upper Egypt
 Red Crown - the crown of Lower Egypt
 Double Crown - the combined crown of Upper and Lower Egypt which
symbolized the pharaoh’s control of both regions
 Blue Crown - wore in battle and during some ceremonies.
Capitals

Memphis
 Old Kingdom
 built at the mouth of the Nile Delta
 important trade center, necropolis includes Pyramids of Giza

Thebes
 Middle and New Kingdoms
 Necropolis includes Valley of the Kings

Alexandria
 Founded by Alexander the Great
 Ptolemaic period
 rulers built the Great Lighthouse and the Library

Akhetaten
the capital of Egypt during the reign of Akhenaten
 abandoned after his death.

Burial
 believed the body's preservation = the soul’s survival in the afterlife.
 pharaohs began building tomb soon after assuming the throne
 contained a wide variety of goods:
 clothes, furniture, games and jewelry
 priests began burying them with items made for the afterlife
 Clay figurines to serve the pharaoh, food, and oil
 Style of Tombs changed due to Grave
Robbers
 Underground tombs offered more protection