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ANCIENT EGYPT Land of the Nile Historical Periods Periods Time Frame Nile Culture Begins 3900 B. C. E. Archaic 3100 – 2650 B. C. E. Old Kingdom 2650 – 2134 B. C. E. Middle Kingdom 2040 – 1640 B. C. E. New Kingdom 1550 – 1070 B. C. E. Late Period 750 – 332 B. C. E. Greek Ptolemaic Era 332 – 30 B. C. E. Roman Period 30 B. C. E. – 395 C. E. Egypt by Satellite The Nile River Valley The Flooding of the Nile Irrigation Creation Myth At first, there was only Nun. Nun was the dark waters of chaos. Creation Myth One day, a hill rose up out of the waters. This hill was called Ben-Ben. On this hill stood Atum, the first god. Creation Myth Atum coughed and spat out Shu, the god of the air, and Tefnut, the goddess of moisture. Creation Myth Shu and Tefnut had two children. First, there was Geb, the god of the earth. Then, there was Nut, the goddess of the sky. Creation Myth Shu lifted Nut up so that she became a canopy over Geb. Creation Myth Nut and Geb had four children named Osiris, Isis, Seth and Nephthys. Osiris was the king of the earth and Isis was the queen. Creation Myth Osiris was a good king, and he ruled over The earth for many years. Creation Myth However, everything was not well. Seth was jealous of Osiris because he wanted to be the ruler of the earth. Creation Myth Seth grew angrier and angrier until one day he killed Osiris. Osiris went down into the underworld and Seth remained on earth and became king. Creation Myth Osiris and Isis had one son called Horus. Horus battled against Seth and regained the throne. Creation Myth After that, Horus was the king of the earth and Osiris was the king of the underworld. Cosmos gods spirits of deceased humans existed in divine realm, had many of gods’ abilities living humans pharaoh most important, bridged human and divine worlds Maat Maat or ma’at was the Egyptian concept of truth, balance, order, law, morality, and justice. Maat was also personified as a goddess regulating the stars, seasons, and the actions of both mortals and the deities, who set the order of the universe from chaos at the moment of creation. Maat associated with time cyclical pattern of renewal to maintain Maat annual Nile flood succession of kings daily journey of sun god Ra Journey of Ra Soul and Body The Ancient Egyptians believed that a human soul was made up of five parts: the Ren, the Ba, the Ka, the Sheut, and the Ib. In addition to these components of the soul there was the human body, called the ha, meaning approximately the sum of bodily parts. Representation of the Soul Ib: The Heart important part of the soul seat of emotion, thought, will, and intention key to the afterlife Social Classes 24 “letters” + 700 phonetic symbols Hieroglyphics Papyrus Daily Life Middle Class Home Peasant Home Nobility Egyptian Beauty Scribe Priest 1. Linen 2. Sawdust 3. Lichen 4. Beeswax 5. Resin 6. Natron 7. Onion 8. Nile Mud 9. Linen Pads 10. Frankincense Mummification Valley of the Kings Pyramids at Giza Great Pyramid of Khufu Great Sphinx King Tut Opening of the Mouth From the Book of the Dead Opening of the Mouth Ceremony A Boat for the Journey to the Afterlife Solar Bark Boat from a Pharaoh’s Tomb The Weighing of the Heart Final Judgment of the Dead