Transcript Chavin
Ancient Civilization Egypt Egyptian Empire About 1450 B.C. Civilization: Nile River –Located in Africa –Flows North –The Nile cycle• Flood • plant • harvest Specialized Workers • Artisans specialized in various jobs, such as: • • • • Bricklayers Blacksmiths Mummifiers Doctors - Potters - Architects Job Specialization • • • • • • Created great architecture and art monumental architecture pyramids, ziggurats, big cities huge temples and associated structures to fill the needs of a god-oriented state under the control of the priestly class Complex Institutions Political • Theocracy –system in which the ruler is a divine figure. - Power was passed from one dynasty to another and land remained united. Menes • - united the two regions. He is believed to have been the –1st pharaoh of Egypt – start the 1st national government –1st Egyptian Dynasty. 3 different Kingdoms (old, middle and new) • Old Kingdom 2700- 2200 BCE • Old Kingdom- 3rd dynasty- pharaohs (Egyptian rulers) were believed to be gods. – Viziers- chief ministers • Viziers also collected taxes, farming, etc. – During this time the pyramids (tombs for eternity) were built. They believed in life after death. **Sphinx and pyramids Middle Kingdom 2050- 1800 BCE • Middle Kingdomcorruption and rebellions, but still was able to dig canals for irrigation New Kingdom1550-1100 BCE New Kingdom- regained power and created a larger empire. King Tutankhamen • 18 year old ruler found in 1922, he was a minor ruler. What made him so famous was that his tomb was found completely intact. • Tomb found completely intact http://ambassadors.net/archives/images/King_Tut_fa Complex Institutions: Religion • Polytheistic - believed divine forces ruled this world and the afterlife. • • • • Amon-Re- chief god, sun god Osiris- god of the underworld and the Nile (controlled annual floods) Isis- goddess taught women skills Akhenation- tried to sweep away all gods except Aton, he failed. Due to others being afraid to abandon their gods. • Egyptians believed that gods promised eternal life after death. Book of the Dead • Test- souls had to pass a test in order to win eternal life. –Book of the Dead- contains, spells, charms for dead to use in the afterlife. It was placed in the tombs. Valley of the Kings • pharaohs were buried here Advanced Cities Memphis • Thebes • Planned and usually walled cities • Centers of worship and trade • Advanced Technology • • • • • • • • Irrigation, levees – control of the Nile Mummification-preservation of the dead Pulleys Levers Architecture Calendar Numbers – geometry Medicine Record Keeping • Papyrus- paper like material, use reed pens and ink – Paper was not invented until AD 100 in China Hieroglyphics • Scribes- kept records on all going- on • Hieroglyphics- pictograms that depicted objects Rosetta Stone: The stone was found written in 3 languages: Hieroglyphics, simple hieroglyphics, and ancient Greek. The Greek could be translated and allowed us to translate the hieroglyphics. Ancient Civilizations MesoAmerica Olmecs: MesoAmerica’s Mother Culture Chavin: along the South American coast Olmecs Civilization: 1200 B.C. – 400 B.C. Olmec head or colossal head (the king) Central American Location Olmecs • • • • • Priests fishers farmers traders artisans Specialized Workers Olmecs Complex Institutions • • • • • Ruling Priest Religious centers (Great Pyramid) ritual ball game trade network from Mexico City to Honduras rivers provide for transportation Olmecs Advanced Cities • • • • • • San Lorenzo – 1150 B.C La Venta – 800 B.C Bay of Campache up too 100 inches of rain; hills to the north present states of Veracruz and Tabasco Olmecs Advanced Technology • • • • Chinampas: irrigation system Used stone for tools monuments iron ore reached Olmecs through trade Olmecs Record Keeping • No written records kept!! • Only sculptures of leaders or religious figures Chavin 900 BC to 200 BC South American Location Carved head of a half human, half feline deity Chavin Specialized Workers • Priest • artisans • masons Chavin Complex Institutions • Very religious: featuring ziggurats and earthen mounds • No political institutions • Religious centers not outposts for great empires • columns is characterized by an essentially zoomorphic repertory (jaguars, snakes, condors, caimans) to which human faces are added here and there Chavin Advanced Cities • Chavín de Huántar-one of the oldest known and most admired pre-Hispanic sites. Center of the Chavin Dynasty. Chavin Advanced Technology • people created a successful drainage system. Several canals built under the temple acted as drainage • used early techniques to develop refined early gold work Chavin Record Keeping • What was found aided in influencing future civilizations. • Complex Institutions – describe their government, religion and economy • Record Keeping – Name and describe their record keeping system • The rest of the characteristics can be bulleted points The Fertile Crescent / Mesopotamia Mesopotamia SCAAR • • • Sumerians Akkadians Babylonians Geography of the Fertile Crescent • Area of land in the middle of a desert climate • Lies between the TIGRIS and EUPHRATES RIVERS • “Mesopotamia” means “land between the rivers” in Greek Environmental Factors • Tigris and Euphrates Rivers deposit a rich mud called SILT that allows farmers to harvest large quantities of wheat and barley • Area has ENVIRONMENTAL CHALLENGES: – Flooding of rivers was unpredictable – Sumer was a small region with no natural barriers for protection – Limited natural resources SOLUTIONS • Irrigation ditches • City walls for defense • Traded with the peoples of the mountains for the things they lacked • Cooperation, organization, and leadership were required to accomplish these tasks Specialized Workers • Priests • Rulers (Kings) – at 1st chosen for war time only, then became full-time monarchs, establishing dynasty. • Merchants • Artisans • Scribes • Farmers • Slaves Complex Institutions • Law system to govern the people. • Governments controlled by temple Priests. • Polytheism – believed in many gods – Enlil was most powerful. • Schools for upper-class boys. • Akkadians created 1st empire. • Hammurabi’s Code - Babylonians led by Hammurabi who created a uniform code of laws to unify the people. 1st to be written down and applied to everyone, but differentiated between classes and sexes. Advanced Cities • Built walled cities. • City-states – city and surrounding land. • Uruk, Kish, Lagash, Umma and Ur. Advanced Technology • • • • • Irrigation ditches to water fields. Walled temples with ziggurat at the center. Invented the wheel, plow, sail. 1st to use bronze Sciences – astronomy, chemical substances, studied disease. • Arithmetic and geometry. • Number system based on 60 (60 seconds=1 min. and 360 degrees in circle) • Mud bricks and mortar, arches, columns, ramps. Record Keeping • 1st writing system in history – Cuneiform. • Taxes in the form of crops. • Epic of Gilgamesh – epic poem about the adventures of King Gilgamesh. • Maps. Ancient Hebrews Jews in Palestine/Israel Specialized Workers • Abraham – a shepherd chosen by God to be the “father” or 1st of the Hebrew people according to the Torah. • Slaves – forced into slavery in Egypt. Later led out of slavery by Moses. • Settled herders, farmers and city dwellers. Complex Institutions • God = Yahweh • Monotheism was unique to the Hebrews for the time. • Covenant made between Abraham and God – God protects them as long as they obey him. • Passover celebrates being freed from slavery. • Were originally organized into 12 tribes that were self governing but during times of crisis would be led by Judges. • Tribes united under 3 kings – Saul, David and Solomon – formed kingdom of Israel. Advanced Cities • Ur – in Mesopotamia is where Abraham was born. • Abraham moved his people to Canaan. • Later, they moved to Egypt, then back to Canaan. • Jerusalem established under King David. Advanced Technology • Learned iron smelting from neighboring peoples and produced iron tools and weapons. • Solomon built temple to hold the Ark of the Covenant, which held the tablets of Moses’ law. • Bronze used in building. Record Keeping • Torah containing the teachings and history of the Hebrew people. • Ten Commandments – given to Moses by God – became basis of the civil and religious laws of Judaism. • Ideas influenced Christianity and Islam. • Taxes were used to pay for massive building projects. Ancient China Between the Huang He and Yangtze Rivers Specialized Workers • Nobles- land owners • Civil Servants- government administrative workers • Professional warriors • Artisans • Wall builders • Peasants- farmer Complex Institutions •Duties to their family and to their emperor •Religion: –Main god: Shang Di –Spirits of ancestors have power to bring good fortune or disaster •Feudalism- use of land that legally belonged to emperor in exchange for military protection •Mandate of Heaven Advanced Cities •Anyang- capital of the Shang Dynasty, built out of wood •Hao- Zhou capital Advanced Technology •Had Bronze, but thought it was too precious for tools –Wooden digging sticks, hoes, sickles made of stone •Chariot •Silk •Roads •Canals •Coined money •Iron/cast iron •Dagger, axes, swords Record Keeping • Oracle Bones – write a questions to the gods on a bone, apply a hot poker to it, which causes it to crack, priest interpreted the cracks to see how the gods had answered • Calligraphy • Written language based on ideas not sounds – One could read Chinese without being able to speak a word of it The Harappan Civilization 3300 BCE - 2400 BCE Specialized Workers • • • • • Merchants Engineers Doctors Masons Artisans Bison Seal, Mohenjo-Daro pottery, Mohenjo-Daro Complex institutions • Hindu Faith • Hindu Caste System A Priest-King, MohenjoDaro Varna (Social Hierarchy) Brahmins Kshatriyas Vaishyas Shudras Pariahs [Harijan] Untouchables The Caste System WHO IS… Brahmins Kshatriyas The mouth? The arms? Vaishyas The legs? The feet? What is a JATI? Shudras Advanced cities • Mohenjo-Daro • Harappa • Kalibangan Citadel Of MohenjoDaro Aerial View of Mohenjo-Daro Wide View, Mohenjo-Daro Advanced technology • Grid System City Design • Plumbing • Medicine The Great Bath, Mohenjo-Daro Public Well, Harappa Drain, Harappa Record keeping • Sanskrit • Harappan Writing (undecipherable) Sanskrit writing Harappan Writing Undecipherable to date.