Transcript Foundations – 8000 BCE to 600 CE - Lyons-AP

Foundations –
8000 BCE to 600 CE
(Farming to Civilization to
Collapse)
Unit One:
Paleolithic & Early River Civilizations
Spread of Agriculture
Southeast Asia and South China, 5000 B.C.E.
North China, 6000 B.C.E.
Mesoamerica, 7000-5000 B.C.E.
Independent
development
Middle East,
8000 B.C.E.
Balkans, 6500
B.C.E.
France, Central
Europe, and
Coastal
Mediterranean,
4000 B.C.E.
Western Asia
and Nile Valley of
Egypt, 6000
B.C.E.
Northwestern
and Central
India, 7000-5000
B.C.E.
Different Crops:
Africa – plantains, bananas, yams
Americas – maize, beans, squash
India – millet, barley
Notice lack of
beasts of burden
Axial Development
Practice AP Question
In which of following regions did native peoples
NOT develop agriculture?
 a. South Asia
 b. Australia
 c. Southwest Asia
 d. North Africa
 e. Andean Highlands
Practice AP Question
Paleolithic humans
 a. domesticated animals.
 b. discovered agriculture.
 c. were organized around well-defined social
hierarchy.
 d. were a female-dominated society.
 e. were foragers.
Urbanization

Neolithic farms and
villages
 Oldest in the Middle
East
 Jericho, 8000 B.C.E.
 Çatal Hüyük, 67005700 B.C.E.
 Walled city
 12 cultivated
products
 Religious shrines
What do you need to build cities?
 Good Climatic & Geographic Conditions
 Surplus food (takes about 100 yrs)
 Storage Capability
 Central authority
 Skilled craftsmen
Environmental Impact –
deforestation, overuse of soil –
forced to migrate, roads,
stones unearthed,
rechanneling of water, death of
animal species, less
biodiversity
Practice AP Questions
Agriculture during the Neolithic Age resulted in
all of the following EXCEPT
 a. the specialization of labor.
 b. the rise of towns.
 c. a decrease in population
 d. increased social contacts.
 e. the development of trade.
P.E.R.S.I.A.
 Political
 Economic
 Religious
 Social (class and gender)
 Intellectual/Technological
 Artistic (including literature)
Political/Religious Changes
 Need individuals who can
organize labor intensive public
works programs (irrigation) and
taxation to pay for it.
 Theocratic – need someone
who seems in touch with
unexplainable natural
phenomena (need a religion
that justifies rule of individual –
one main god like Zeus ruling
over other gods or gods of citystates)
 Control public safety – army,
police (no longer can “run” from
problems or enemies as
nomads)
Something to consider Most early civilizations were
loosely connected city-states –
why? Why were some like Egypt
soon united into more central
authority?
Economics
 Begin to regard property rights – class
inequalities. (leads to conflict)
 Barter
 Individual labor becomes specialized (*key to
development of civilization)
Social Changes
 Paleolithic
 Neolithic
1. Men hunted and tool
1. Men farmed (some
making – hours/days
away from camp.
2. Women gathered and
cared for children –
labor intensive,
provided more food
than hunting.
3. Women = Men
4. Small kin-based clans
Nomadic
hunting) – main food
provider, settled competition because of
limited space
2. Women lower status,
restrained to home
3. Hereditary leaders,
beyond kin-based
organization
Agricultural
Not all Peoples were Agricultural
 Foraging Societies – sm. groups like New
Guinea due to climate/food availability, lead
by chiefs, more equality in society (even
gender)
 Pastoral Societies – mountainous areas like
central Asia (Huns, Mongols), low rainfall,
have domesticated animals, sm. scale
agriculture (experimental – latrines sprout
veggies), women fewer rights, power based
on size of herds, could not settle due to food
needs of herds – seasonal migrations
Practice AP/SAT Question
Hunting and gathering societies were marked by








a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
I. widespread specialization of labor
II. a subsistence lifestyle
III. limited trade
IV. little specialization of labor
I and III
II and IV
I, II and III
II, III , and IV
IV only
Practice AP Question
How did pastoralism affect early social development?
 a. herding societies tended to settle on particular




lands, and thus civilization emerged relatively quickly.
b. pastoralism led to the adoption of a monotheistic
approach to religion.
c. no pastoral societies mixed animal husbandry with
the domestication of plants.
d. herding societies tended to migrate frequently,
and thus civilization took longer to emerge.
e. pastoral societies tended to be led by women.
Intellectual/Technology
 Irrigation
 Pottery and baskets
 Flint blades
 Writing
 Metalworking* (plow) –
copper (6600),
eventually bronze
(3500), Iron (1500)
*marks end of Neolithic
 Mechanisms for trade
– wheel, sail
How acquired:
Diffusion – ironworking from Hittites
to Kushites (500 BC Africa)
Invention – iron smelting among Nok
people of Nigeria
Art/Literature
 Large scale projects
glorify state or individual
– pyramids, ziggurats,
burial chambers
 Writing is controlled by
few – mostly pragmatic
recording of property
(tax purposes), later
contact among leaders
and sacred writings
Practice AP Question
All of the following were developments of the
Neolithic era EXCEPT
1. Agriculture
2. Pottery
3. Urban Cities
4. Tool Making
5. Irrigation
MESOPOTAMIA
Political
 Civilization in
Mesopotamia
 Sumerian City-States of
Ancient Mesopotamia (Ur,
Erech, Kish) c. 3000-2350
B.C.E.
 Kingship divine in origin
 Need strong authorities
because river
unpredictable, lacks
natural defensive
barriers
Eventually – strong rule in Babylon
with Hammurabi’s law code
protecting property
Practice AP Question
The first Mesopotamian ruler to create a unified
kingdom was
1. Conon
2. Ramses II
3. Hammurabi
4. Sargon the Great
5. Moses
Practice AP Questions
Which of the following is NOT true concerning
Hammurabi’s Code
a. They upheld the concept that punishment should be
appropriate for to the crime.
b. They reflected an egalitarian society.
c. They made government responsible for punishing
the crimes of society.
d. Some social classes were deemed of greater
importance than others.
e. Their provisions were more lenient than those of the
Hittites.
Economic
Economy was based on
agriculture
But had significant trade, cultural diffusion
Religious
Polytheism- many Gods
Impact:
-Rise of priestly class
-Rigid social structure
-people get used to
being ruled
-same civilizations but
collective gods for
each city
Social

Social groups
 Nobles (elite who ruled, priests, scribes)
 Commoners (merchants, craftsmen)
 Slaves (basic farming)

Patriarchal – men could sell wives/children to pay
debt
 1600 women wear veils (but some powerful at
court as priestesses, scribes, sm. Business)
Intellectual/
Technological
Sumerian Innovations
•Math based on 60, geometry
•Calendar of 12 lunar months
•Wheel
•Wind blocks
•Irrigation
•Writing
•sail
Art/Literature
 Writing in the form of cuneiform
(“wedge shaped”)
 Primarily for record keeping
Communicate important ideas
 Epic of Gilgamesh – king’s quest for
immortality
Art and jewelry of
elite– tomb of
Queen Puabi
New Centers of Civilization
As these civilizations weakened, new ones soon appeared.
Throughout Mesopotamia several smaller empires emerged
briefly and left behind important ideas and institutions.
 Indo-European Migration
From somewhere in the steppe
region north of the Black Sea or
in southwestern Asia, one group
into Asia Minor and Anatolia
around 1750 B.C.E. coalesced
with people of the Hittite
kingdom --- First to use iron
Hittites destroyed
by another group
of Indo-Europeans
(Sea Peoples)
The Phoenicians in Palestine,
established colonies, crossed Med.
Sea, invented alphabet, standardized
weights/measurements
The Hebrews: The “Children of Israel”

Abraham 1800 BCE
migrated from Mesopotamia
to Palestine

Draught causes many to
migrate to Egypt

Left Egypt (Exodus) about
13th century B.C.E., 12
tribes to Palestine
United Kingdom
 Saul (c. 1020-1000),
David (c. 1000-970),
Solomon (c. 970-930)
 Temple housed the
Ark of the Covenant


The Divided Kingdom
 1) the kingdom of Israel with
its capital at Samaria and
 2) Judah with its capital at
Jerusalem
Assyrians destroyed Samaria in
722 B.C.E. and overran the
kingdom of Israel
 Deported the Hebrews to
other parts of the empire
 Chaldeans defeated the
Assyrians and destroyed
Jerusalem in 586 B.C.E.
 Persians defeat Chaldeans
return Jewish people
©2004 Wadsworth, a division of Thomson Learning, Inc. Thomson Learning™ is a trademark used herein under license.

Babylonian
Captivity
AP Practice Question
The Hebrews
 a. saw their influence diminish with their
captivity at the hands of the Chaldeans.
 b. were masters of long-distance trade.
 c. anticipated a coming Messiah.
 d. believed in a merciless, unforgiving god.
 e. rejected the Ten Commandments.
Growth of Empires
These smaller empires would be overwhelmed by more powerful
peoples.
 The Assyrians built a potent military structure that allowed them
to be the first peoples to unite the entire Middle East under their
rule.



Iron weapons, Horse-drawn war chariots
Deportation, terror
Roads – one capital (poor tax system, too much money on military)
 The Persians with their tolerance for other peoples and religions
brought peace and prosperity to the region.


Satrapies (inspectors)
4 capitals, royal roads, better tax
The Assyrian and Persian Empires
Introduction to Monotheism
 Change from controlling nature to controlling men
and internal peace …. Introduction of monotheistic
religions
Judaism – strong emphasis on ethical behavior (10
Commandments) – 1800 BCE
Zoroastrianism – Ahurmazda, the creator, gave all
humans free will and the power to chose between right
and wrong - Each soul faced final evaluation – no
widely accepted foundational date – Persian Religion
(Hammurabi Law Code – 1760 BCE)
Practice AP Questions
All of the following were true of the Persians EXCEPT
 a. their language was related to that of the Aryans




and Hittites.
b. they treated conquered peoples in a manner
similar to the Assyrians.
c. they introduced a new religion.
d. they were efficient administrators.
e. they established an efficient communication
system.
Egypt
Geographic
Geographical Impact –
-Narrow livable area
(competition)
- very fertile, predicable
flooding allows for early food
surplus
- pharaoh is regarded as
reborn Osiris (god of Nile and
Underworld) and sun god (life
giving force)
- stability due to natural
barriers (delta, cataracts,
Nubian/Lybian/Saharan
deserts – Red Land)
Political
 3100 BCE – Menes unites
 2700-2200 – Old Kingdom,





focus on pyramids and power
(Necropolis at Giza, Memphis)
2040-1640 – Middle Kingdom
focus on public works
1640-1570 Hyksos invade
w/chariot and bronze
1570-1090 New Kingdom –
focus on military and empire
(colonized Nubia) (Valley of
Kings, Thebes – above 1st
cataract for protection)
After 1000 – Kush and Assyrian
compete over
300s – Alexander the Great
Practice AP Question
In 3100 BCE, the history of Egypt is said to
have begun when
 a. Cleopatra met Mark Antony
 b. King Menes united Upper and Lower
Egypt
 c. the Old Kingdom began
 d. the Egyptians rebelled against Hyksos rule
 e. pyramids began to be constructed
Practice AP Questions
The following are true of the Hyksos EXCEPT
 a. they ended Egypt’s confidence in its
natural barriers.
 b. they ruled Egypt as pharaohs.
 c. They were able to conquer Egypt because
of power struggles among the pharaohs.
 d. they created a new language that was a
synthesis of the Hyksos and Egptian
tongues.
 e. they introduced chariots to the Egyptians.
Demographics
 Population was stable – throughout 3000 yrs
of history, between 2-4 million due to
geographic constraints
 Slaves from Nubia filled army (pharaohs did
not want to reduce no. of free cultivators into
unproductive military)
Economic
 Agriculture
 Trade routes
established with
Cyprus, Crete,
Greece, SyroPalestine, Punt, and
Nubia (for leopard
skins, giraffe tails,
monkeys, cattle,
ivory, ostrich feathers
and eggs, and gold,
incense, cedar, oils
and unguents, and
horses.), canal built
from Nile to Red Sea
 New Kingdom Imperialism
– kicked out Hyksos, extend
to Nubian gold mines (key for
paying army and impressing
Near Eastern kings),
attacked Punt (by
Hatshepsut) for control of
incense trade.
Religion
 Pharaoh – head of state
religion
 Land of Living / Land of
Dead
 Elite have access to
afterworld in
mummification, Book of
Dead, pyramids
 Hieroglyphics
Social
 Had social inequalities – elite, commoners and slaves but
commoners could enter government services and rise in power
– viziers, but often had to work land and forced labor (pyramids)
 Patriarchal and monogamous, but women has some privileges
Regents for young rulers, scribes, priestesses
Managed household accounts, education for children
Divorce husbands
Own property
Queen Hatshepsut
Intellectual/Technology
 Masonry
 Sailing
 Irrigation (shaduf – pole on






fulcrum for raising water)
Geometry
Astronomy (solar eclipse)
Calendar – first 365 day (10
day weeks)
Mummification
Sundials, water clocks
Learned from Hyksos –
weapons of war (chariot,
sickle sword, javelins,
composite bow)
Art/Literature
Temple & Tomb Art –
all at grand scale to
show power of
pharaoh
Egyptian Canon – regularized
features at ideal
Hieroglyphic (book of dead), Demotic (everyday
writing), Papyrus