Transcript Pharaoh

Egypt was ruled by
all-powerful rulers
called pharaohs.
The history of Egypt is divided into 3
periods:
Old Kingdom
Middle Kingdom
New Kingdom
Egypt’s Old Kingdom began in 2600
B.C. and lasted until 2300 B.C.
Egypt grew and prospered during the
Old Kingdom
Egyptians
Egypt was ruled
Built
by kings called
Cities
pharaohs who
lived in palaces
Expanded
“Pharaoh” is a
Greek term
which means
“great house”
Trade
Set up a
Strong
Government
1. Believed the unity of their kingdom
depended on a strong leader
2. Considered the pharaoh
to be the son of the
god Re
– the sun god and a god on earth
playing
music on
flutes and
cymbals
People showed honor and
respect to the Pharaoh
in public by:
bowing down to
smell
the earth or
touch their heads
to the ground
The pharaohs’ word was law and
had to be obeyed
The Pharaoh appointed officials to:
make sure crops
were planted
make sure irrigation
canals and grain
storehouses were built
control trade and
collect tax
payments
of grain from
farmers
The pharaoh carried out ritual ceremonies that
Egyptians believed helped control their
welfare such as:
1. Riding a sacred bull around the
capital city of Memphis to ensure
fertility of the soil
(bull = symbol of fertility)
2. cutting the first ripe grain to
ensure a good harvest.
Let’s Review…All about pharaohs
Lived in
palaces
Considered
to be
gods on
Earth
Were
all-powerful
Carry-out
Religious
rituals
Details about
Egyptian
pharaohs
Appointed
Government
officials
Egyptians believed in many
gods and goddesses and
in life after death for the
pharaohs.
Religion was deeply woven into
Egyptian culture
Egyptians believed many deities or gods
and goddesses controlled the forces of
nature and human activities
The main Egyptian gods included:
1. Re, the sun god who ruled over the
rising and setting of the sun,
represented the importance of a
sunny climate for good
harvests
2. Hapi was ruler of the Nile River who
represented the importance of
water for growing crops.
3. Isis represented the loyal wife and
mother who ruled over the dead
with her husband Osiris, god of the
underworld and
afterlife.
Egyptian Gods & Goddesses:
“The Sacred ‘Trinity’”
Osiris
Isis
Horus
THE FAMILY OF THE EGYPTIAN GODS
RA
NEKHEBET
SHU
TEFNUT
GEB
RA
NUT
HATHOR
OSIRIS
HORUS
ISIS
SET
NEPHTHYS
OSIRIS
ANUBIS
Egyptian Creation Myth
http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/gods/story/main.html
The Goddess Nut
Unlike the Mesopotamians, who
imagined a gloomy life after
death, the Egyptians thought the
afterlife would be a place of
peace and plenty
Journey to the Underworld
The dead travel
on the “Solar
Bark.”
A boat for the
journey is
provided for a
dead pharaoh in
his tomb.
Egyptian Book of the Dead
Egyptian Book of the Dead
Read from the Book of the Dead , a
collection of spells and prayers that
Egyptians studied to obtain life after
death.
Egyptians believed they must lead a good
life and know the magic spells to gain the
afterlife.
Osiris met the dead
in the next world
and judged
whether to grant
them life after
death.
The Underworld
• This scene shows what Egyptians believed happened to the soul
after it descended into the Underworld.
The Final Judgement
Osiris
Anubis
Horus
Egyptians
believed
it important for
the pharaoh’s
spirit to
reach the next
world where
he could
continue to
care for
Egypt.
Through the
embalming
process,
Egyptians
prepared
the pharaoh’s
body
to accept his
spirit in the
afterlife
Shabtis: The Pharaoh’s Servants
in the Afterlife
1. remove the brain
2. remove the lungs, liver,
stomach, and intestines
and place in canoptic jars
3.
wash the body with wine
4. salt the body with natron
and bury it in the desert
sands to dry
5. remove the body from the sands, fill it
with spices and perfumes, and stitch it
closed.
6. cleanse the body with oils
7. wrap the body with long strips of cottonlinen cloth
8. place inside a wooden coffin and put it
into a
sarcophagus
Materials Used in Mummification
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Linen
Sawdust
Lichen
Beeswax
Resin
6. Natron
7. Onion
8. Nile Mud
9. Linen Pads
10. Frankinsense
Preparation for
the Afterlife
Egyptian Mummies
Seti I
1291-1278 B.
C.
Queen Tiye, wife of
Amenhotep II
1210-1200 B. C.
Ramses II
1279-1212 B.
Preparations for the Underworld
Priests protected
your KA, or soulspirit
ANUBIS weighs the
dead person’s heart
against a feather.
Let’s Review…Egyptians’ beliefs
Belief in
many gods
Pharaoh
needed
body for
afterlife
hopeful view
of life
after death
Egyptian
Beliefs
Osiris
judged
whether or not
to grant them
afterlife
Magic spells
needed to gain
life after death
The Book of
the Dead
used herbs and
drugs to treat
many different
illnesses
specialists
to treat
particular parts
of the body
Egyptian
doctors
became skilled
at sewing up
cuts
and setting
broken bones
world’s
first medical
books
on papyrus
scrolls
Ancient Egypt
The Nile Valley
Chapter 2, Section 2
World History
Mrs. Thompson
The Egyptians of the Old
Kingdom built huge stone
pyramids as tombs for
their pharaohs.
Egyptians built mountain-like pyramids,
entirely of stone, as tombs for the
pharaohs
They were the size of several city blocks
and were meant to protect the dead
bodies of pharaohs from:
floods
wild animals
grave robbers
Pyramids were filled with supplies that the might need in the
spirit world such as pharaoh :
clothing
furniture
jewelry
food
Each pyramid sat on a square base with
entrance facing north
Egyptians used astronomy to
determine true north
Egyptians developed 365 day/12 month
calendar which is basis for modern calendar
About 2540 B.C., Egyptians built the largest
and grandest of the pyramids known as
the Great Pyramid
Located about 10 miles from Cairo
and stands in Giza on the west bank
of the Nile River
Rises nearly 5oo ft. above desert and
covers an area about 9 football fields
Contains more than 2 million stone
blocks, each about 2.5 tons
Tallest structure on the world for more
than 4,000 years and is equal to
size of a 48 story building
Largest of about 80 pyramids
found in Egypt
Egyptian advances in Math helped
them determine angle measurements
and amount of stone needed for
pyramids
System of written
numbers based on 10
Advances in
Mathematics
Creation of fractions and using
them with whole numbers
to add, subtract, & divide
Locate
stone
from
hundreds
of miles
away
Unload stones
and
drag or
push up
ramps to be
set in place
Load
stones on
barges and
float to
building site
Tie blocks to
wooden sleds
and pull
them to Nile
over a path
paved with
logs
Use copper
tools to cut
the stone
into
huge blocks
http://www.classzone.com/cz/books/ms_wh_survey/resources/html/animations/pyramid_anim/wh04_pyramid.html
Thousands of people and many years to
build the pyramids
Most of the builders were farmers
Surveyors, engineers, carpenters,
and stonecutters also lent skills
to pyramid building