Transcript Egypt
Egypt's Old Kingdom Chapter 2 Section 2 Old Kingdom 2600-2300 B.C. Pharaohs appointed many officials – Oversaw building projects, controlled trade and collected taxes Egyptians believed the unity of Egypt depended on a strong leader Pharaohs were considered to be the son of Re: sun god – believed pharaoh was a god on earth who controlled Egypt's welfare Famous Pharaohs of Old Kingdom Khufu Djoser Sneferu Egypt's Religion -Egyptians were polytheistic -Believed that the deities, or gods and goddesses controlled the forces of nature and human activities Isis: represented Hapi: god of the Nile www.ancientegypt.co.u k the loyal wife and mother, ruled over death with her husband Osiris God of the Underworld Cut into pieces by his brother Seth Put back together by his wife Isis Rules the afterlife Anubis Jackal headed god He guides the dead to the underworld God of mummification Anhk Symbol of life Wedjet Eye Believed to be stolen from Ra Used to protect the dead Earliest burial methods Placing bodies in sand and letting it dry naturally Mastabas= means bench Life After Death -Egyptians believed life -Book of the Dead: in the next world collection of spells would be better and prayers that was studied to obtain life -Place of peace and after death plenty -Osiris would detemine whether they would be granted life after death Book of the Dead Weighing of the Heart ceremony Mummification Process Process took 70 days Remove brain through nose Remove organs (not heart) At first, only pharaohs and the upper class could be afforded a burial Egyptians created the embalming process: preserving the body for eternity Sterilize body and organs Dehydrate organs, place them in canopic jars Cover body with natron, leave for 40 days Pack body with linen that has been soaked in Learned about human body. resin, myrrh and cinnamon Used herbs and drugs to treat Pack eye sockets with beeswax illnesses. Mummification Process con’t Wrap mummy in 1,000 yards of linen, place amulets between layers Body is placed in coffin, then in sarcophagus All is completed by using the Book of the Dead http://www.ancientegypt.co.uk/mummies/story /main.html http://www.virtualegypt.com/framed/framed.cgi?url==http:// dsc.discovery.com/convergence/greatpyra mid/mummymaker/media/mummy_maker. swf Ka and Ba Ka: Soul of a person Ba: Always depicted as a half human half bird. Must be able to recognize the deceased. Example of canopic jars Mummy of Ramses II Shabits Mummy shaped figures used in the tombs Believed to do work for the dead in the afterlife Sarcophagus Literally means flesh eating stone How Was a Pyramid Built? -built by tens of thousands of workers -farmers, surveyors, engineers, carpenters and stone cutters -because of pyramid building advancements were made in astronomy and math -study of the stars allowed Egyptians to determine true north and develop a 365 day calendar with 12 months -system of number based on 10 -created fractions How did they get the stones up? Stones were loaded onto a sled/sledge. They were then placed on log rollers and pulled up the ramp. The logs were kept wet with water or milk. No mortar was needed between the stones. See Building the Pyramids Puzzle worksheet for the steps of building. Must have a solid base Pyramids and tombs of ancient Egypt Pyramid timeline http://www.nationalgeographic.com/pyramids/pyramids.html Step Pyramid of Saqqara First pyramid built by Pharaoh Djoser 204 feet tall Designed by Imhotep Tomb in the ground, mastaba on top of mastaba http://www.egyptvoyager.com/pyramids_early_pyramids_saqqara_djoser_virtual.htm# Bent Pyramid of Dashur Built by Snefru Unique because the angle abruptly changes midway through construction Begins at 55 degrees then goes to 43 degrees Total height 344 feet http://www.guardians.net/egypt /cyberjourney/dahshur/bent pyramid/bent_pyramid_inter ior.htm Reconstruction of Giza Plateau http://www.egyptvoyager.com/pyramids_giza_virtual.htm# Sphinx Guardian of the plateau Built by Khafre Head of Khafre and body of lion http://www.guardians.net/egypt/sphinx/ The Sphinx Pyramids of Giza Three pyramids Smaller wives pyramids were also found Largest belonging to Khufu Second and third= Khafre and Menkaure 482 feet tall Contained 2.3 million stones, some weighing as much as 2 ½ tons http://www.egyptvoyager.com/pyramids_giza _virtual.htm# Cross section of Khufu’s pyramid Pyramids of Giza Video Check up The average weight of each block used to construct the Great Pyramid at Giza was _____. (Choose only one answer) 1 ton 2.5 tons 200 pounds 1,000 pounds Funeral boat of Khufu This boat was found disassembled in a pit outside of the Great Pyramid. It was believed to carry the body of Khufu to his final resting place. End of the Old Kingdom Pyramids were a financial drain on economy Nobility experienced a rapid growth Many more nobles wanted more power Civil war breaks out with nobles fighting for power over resources and support of lower classes The Old Kingdom capital of Memphis is threatened