Transcript Levels in computer design

Machine Organization and Assembly Language
Programming
• Machine Organization
– Hardware-centric view (in this class)
– Not at the transistor (bit) level but at the building block level
(registers, adders, memory words etc.)
• Assembly Language
– A way to learn about the Instruction Set Architecture, the interface
between the hardware and the software.
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Hierarchical Layers
• Top Layer: Application programs
– Written in high-level languages: C, C++, Java, html etc
• Basic Software Layer
– Translates programs written in high-level languages into machine
language made up of a sequence of instructions (assembly
language is a symbolic rendering of machine language). The
translators are programs called compilers.
– A program, the Operating System, controls the execution of the
translated application programs. The O.S. is responsible for
functions such as I/O, allocating storage, scheduling etc.
• Hardware
– Executes the instructions
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Layered View
Application Programs
Operating System
Compilers
ISA
Machine Language
Computer Structure
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Programmatic view
a = b + c;
lw $2, 0($15)
lw $3, 4($15)
add $4, $2, $3
sw $4, 8($15)
HLL
# load b
Assembly language
# load c
#compute b + c
#store in a
10001101111000100000000000000000
10001101111001100000000000000100
00000000010000110010000000100001
10101101111001000000000000001000
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Machine language
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What is Machine Organization (aka Computer
Organization, aka Computer Architecture)?
• Structure: static arrangement of the parts of a computer
system
• Organization: dynamic interaction of the parts and their
control
• Implementation: design of specific building blocks
• Performance: behavioral study of the system or of some
of its components
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Alternate definition: Instruction Set
Architecture (ISA) ( subset of previous def.)
• ISA is the interface between hardware and software
• ISA is what is visible to the programmer (and ISA might
be different for O.S. and applications)
• ISA consists of:
–
–
–
–
instructions (operations and how they are encoded)
information units (size, how they are addressed etc.)
registers (or more generally processor state)
input-output control
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Computer structure: Von Neumann model
+
Memory
CPU
Memory
hierarchy
Control
control
I/O
ALU
input
Registers
PC
state
Data path
Memory
bus
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output
I/O bus
7
Computer Organization/Architecture
• Organization and architecture often used as synonyms
• Organization (in this course) refers to:
– what are the basic blocks of a computer system, more specifically
• basic blocks of the CPU
• basic blocks of the memory hierarchy
– how are the basic blocks designed, controlled, connected?
• Organization used to be transparent to the ISA.
• Today more and more of the ISA is “exposed” to the
user/compiler in order to improve performance.
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Advances in technology
Processor Vacuum TransistorsIntegrated VLSI
technology tubes
circuits
Memory
Vacuum Ferrite
technology tubes
core
SemiSemiconductor conductor
Processor
structure
Micros
PC’s
and minis 64-bit arch
Superscalar
Multithreaded
Single
Main
processor frames
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Evolution of Intel Microprocessor Speeds
4000
3500
3000
Speed (MHz)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
1971 1974 1979 1982 1985 1989 1993 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003
Year
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Illustration of Moore’s Law
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Power Dissipation
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Some Computer families
• Computers that have the same (or very similar) ISA
– Compatibility of software between various implementations
• IBM
– 704, 709, 70xx etc.. From 1955 till 1965
– 360, 370, 43xx, 33xx From 1965 to the present
– Power PC
• DEC
– PDP-11, VAX From 1970 till 1985
– Alpha (now Compaq, now HP) in 1990’s
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More computer families
• Intel
– Early micros 40xx in early 70’s
– x86 (086,…,486, Pentium, Pentium Pro, Pentium 3, Pentium 4)
from 1980 on
– IA-64 (Itanium) in 2001
• SUN
– Sparc, Ultra Sparc 1985 0n
• MIPS-SGI
– Mips 2000, 3000, 4400, 10000 from 1985 on
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