Transcript Unit II - computerscience2ndyear

PROGRAMMING OF 8085 PROCESSOR
UNIT II
Mr. S. VINOD
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
EEE DEPARTMENT
• Instruction format and addressing modes
• Assembly language format
- Data transfer,
-data manipulation & control instructions
• Programming:
-Loop structure with counting & Indexing
- Look up table
- Subroutine instructions stack.
ADDRESSING MODES
-Every instruction of a program has to operate on a data.
-The method of specifying the data to be operated by the
instruction is called Addressing.
The 8085 has the following 5 different types of addressing.
1. Immediate Addressing
2. Direct Addressing
3. Register Addressing
4. Register Indirect Addressing
5. Implied Addressing
IMMEDIATE ADDRESSING
• In immediate addressing mode, the data is specified in the instruction itself.
The data will be a part of the program instruction.
• EX.
-MVI B, 3EH - Move the data 3EH given in the instruction
to B register;
-LXI SP, 2700H- Move the data 2700h to stack pointer
-ADI 45H- The 8-bit data (operand) is added to the contents
of the accumulator and the result is stored in the accumulator
-ACI 45H -The 8-bit data (operand) and the Carry flag are
added to the contents of the accumulator and the result is stored in the
accumulator
SUI 45H
, SBI 45H , ORI 86H
DIRECT ADDRESSING
• In direct addressing mode, the address of the data is specified in the
instruction.
• The data will be in memory. In this addressing mode, the program
instructions and data can be stored in different memory.
EX. LDA 1050H - Load the data available in memory location
1050H in to accumulator;
SHLD 3000H-The contents of register L are stored into the
memory location specified by the 16-bit address in the operand and the
contents of H register are stored into the next memory location by
incrementing the operand
STA 4350H-The contents of the accumulator are copied into
the memory location specified by the operand
REGISTER ADDRESSING
• In register addressing mode, the instruction specifies the name of the
register in which the data is available.
EX. MOV A, B - Move the content of B register to A
register;
SPHL- The instruction loads the contents of the H and L
registers into the stack pointer register
ADD C-The contents of the operand (register or
memory) are added to the contents of the accumulator and the result is
stored in the accumulator
XCHG-The contents of register H are exchanged with
the contents of register D, and the contents of register L are exchanged with
the contents of register E
REGISTER INDIRECT
ADDRESSING
• In register indirect addressing mode, the instruction specifies the name of
the register in which the address of the data is available.
• Here the data will be in memory and the address will be in the register pair.
EX. MOV A, M - The memory data addressed by H L pair is
moved to A register.
LDAX B -The contents of the designated register pair
point to a memory location. This instruction copies the contents of that
memory location into the accumulator
•
IMPLIED ADDRESSING
• In implied addressing mode, the instruction itself specifies the data to be
operated.
EX. CMA - Complement the content of accumulator;
RAL-Each binary bit of the accumulator is rotated left
by one position through the Carry flag. Bit D7 is placed in the Carry flag,
and the Carry flag is placed in the least significant position
1.Calculate the sum of series of numbers. The length of the series
is in memory location 4200H and the series begins from
memory location 4201H.
a. Consider the sum to be 8 bit number. So, ignore carries.
Store the sum at memory location 4300H
LDA 4200H
MOV C, A : Initialize counter
SUB A : sum = 0
LXI H, 420lH : Initialize pointer
BACK: ADD M : SUM = SUM + data
INX H : increment pointer
DCR C : Decrement counter
JNZ BACK : if counter 0 repeat
STA 4300H : Store sum
HLT : Terminate program execution
2.a. To write an assembly language program
to multiply two 8-bit numbers.
3.b. To write an assembly language program
to division
1.MULTIPLICATION PROGRAM
LOOP:
LDA 4200H
MOV E, A
MVI D, 00H
LDA 4201H
MOV C, A
LXI H,0000H
DAD D
DCR C
JNZ LOOP
SHLD 4300H
HLT
program simulation
program simulation
Division Of Two 8 Bit
LOOP:
BRANCH:
LDA 2000H ;divisor
MOV B,A
LDA 2001H ;dividend
MVI C, 00H
CMP B
JC BRANCH
SUB B
INR C
JMP LOOP
STA 3000H ;reminder
MOV A,C
STA 3001H ;quotient
HLT
program simulation
4.
Program
START:
LOOP:
LXI H, 2000H
LXI D, 3000H
MVI C, 0AH
MOV A,M
STAX D
INX H
INX D
DCR C
JNZ LOOP
HLT
program simulation
5. PROGRAM FOR SMALLEST NUMBER
IN GIVEN ARRAY
-Get number of element as first number
-compare two number if 1st number is smaller than 2nd then
carry will be set so number in acc is small
-if reverse move the 2nd number to acc
-get the next number repeat the procedure
-finally the number in the acc is stored in memory location
loop:
ahead:
lxi h,2000
mov b,m
inx h
mov a,m
dcr b
inx h
cmp m
jc ahead
mov a,m
dcr b
jnz loop
sta 3000
hlt
program simulation
6. PROGRAM FOR LARGEST
NUMBER IN GIVEN ARRAY
-Get number of element as first number
-compare two number if 1st number is smaller than 2nd then
carry will be set move the 2nd to acc, before jumping check for no
carry
-or the 1st number will be in acc
-get the next number repeat the procedure
-finally the number in the acc is stored in memory location
lxi h,2000
mov b,m
inx h
mov a,m
dcr b
loop:
inx h
cmp m
jnc ahead
mov a,m
ahead: dcr b
jnz loop
sta 3000
hlt
7.SQUARE OF A NUMBER
USING LOOKUP TABLE
lxi h,2000 //initialize look up table
address
lda 3000 //get the data
cpi 0ah
//check the data is > 9
jc AFTER //if yes error
mvi a,ffh //error indication
sta 3001
jmp STOP
AFTER: mov c,a
mvi b,00
dad b
mov a,m
sta 3001 //store the result
STOP: hlt
8.ARRANGE DATA ARRAY IN
ASCENDING ORDER
REPEAT:
LOOP:
SKIP:
lxi h,2000
mov c,m
dcr c
mov d,c
lxi h,2001
mov a,m
inx h
cmp m
jc SKIP
mov b,m
mov m,a
dcx h
mov m,b
inx h
dcr d
jnz loop
dcr c
jnz REPEAT
hlt
Program 9,10
• Pack the two unpacked BCD number stored in
memory locations 2000h and 2001h assume the
least significant digit is in stored at 2000h and
store the result at 3000h, eg 06 and 07 as 67
• Two digit BCD number is stored in memory
location 2000h. Unpacked the bcd number store
in 3000h and 3001h such that 3000 will have
lower BCD digit
LDA 2000
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
ANI F0H
MOV C, A
LDA 2001
ADD C
STA 3000
HLT
LDA 2000
ANI F0H
RRC
RRC
RRC
RRC
STA 3000
LDA 2000
ANI 0FH
STA 3001
HLT
11. FIND 2'S COMPLEMENT OF 16 BIT
NUMBER
LDA 2000
CMA
ADI 01H
STA 3000H
LDA 2001
CMA
ACI 00H
STA 3001H
HLT
PROGRAM 12
• Write a program to find the number of
negative elements and positive elements
in a block of data. Length of the block is in
2000h and data start from 2001h, number
of negative element in memory location
3000, and positive element in memory
location 3001
BACK:
SKIP:
TOO:
LDA 2000H
MOV C,A
MVI B,00H
MVI D,00H
LXI H, 2001H
MOV A,M
ANI 80H
JZ SKIP
INR B
JMP TOO
INR D
INX H
DCR C
JNZ BACK
MOV A,B
STA 3000H
MOV A,D
STA 3001H
HLT
Program 13.Write a program to count number of
1’s in given data (2000) and store the result in
memory location 3000h
BACK:
SKIP:
LDA 2000H
MOV D,A
MVI B,00
MVI C,08
RAR
JNC SKIP
INR B
DCR C
JNZ BACK
MOV A,B
STA 3000
HLT
Program 14, To find sum of series of even
number from the list of numbers
BACK:
SKIP:
LDA 2000H
MOV C,A
MVI B,00H
LXI H,2001H
MOV A,M
ANI 01H
JNZ SKIP
MOV A,B
ADD M
MOV B,A
INX H
DCR C
JNZ BACK
STA 3000
HLT
Program 15, program to separate even number
from the given list of number and store them in the
3000h and sum in 300F
LXI H, 2001H
BACK:
SKIP:
LXI D, 3000H
LDA 2000H
MOV C,A
MOV A,M
ANI 01H
JNZ SKIP
MOV A,M
STAX D
INX D
INX H
DCR C
JNZ BACK
HLT
16. Write A Program To Search The Given Byte In The List
Of Data And Store The Address of the in 2001 and 2002
LXI H, 3000H
MOV B, M
INX H
LDA 2000H
MOV C,A
BACK:
LAST:
END:
MOV A,M
CMP C
JZ LAST
INX H
DCR B
JNZ BACK
LXI H, 0000H
SHLD 2001H
JMP END
SHLD 2001H
HLT
17.Write a program for matrix
addition
BACK:
LXI H, 2000H
LXI B, 2011H
LXI C, 3000H
LDAX B
ADD M
STAX D
INX H
INX B
INX D
MOV A, L
CPI 0AH
JNZ BACK
HLT
18.Write a program to generate
Fibonacci number
BACK:
LDA 2000H
LXI D, 2001
MOV H, A
MVI B, 00H
MOV A, B
STAX D
MVI C, 01H
MOV A, C
INX D
STAX D
MOV A,B
ADD C
INX D
STAX D
MOV B, C
MOV C, A
DCR H
JNZ BACK
HLT
Delays
•
Each instruction passes through different combinations
of Fetch, Memory Read, and Memory Write cycles.
• Knowing the combinations of cycles, one can calculate
how long such an instruction would require to complete.
– B for Number of Bytes
– M for Number of Machine Cycles
– T for Number of T-State.
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Delays
• Knowing how many T-States an instruction requires, and
keeping in mind that a T-State is one clock cycle long,
we can calculate the time using the following formula:
Delay = No. of T-States / Frequency
• For example a “MVI” instruction uses 7 T-States.
Therefore, if the Microprocessor is running at 2 MHz, the
instruction would require 3.5 mSeconds to complete.
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Delay loops
• We can use a loop to produce a certain amount of time
delay in a program.
• The following is an example of a delay loop:
MVI C, FFH
7 T-States
LOOP DCR C
4 T-States
JNZ LOOP
10 T-States
• The first instruction initializes the loop counter and is
executed only once requiring only 7 T-States.
• The following two instructions form a loop that requires
14 T-States to execute and is repeated 255 times until C
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becomes 0.
Delay Loops
• We need to keep in mind though that in the last iteration of the loop,
the JNZ instruction will fail and require only 7 T-States rather than
the 10.
• Therefore, we must deduct 3 T-States from the total delay to get an
accurate delay calculation.
• To calculate the delay, we use the following formula:
Tdelay = TO + TL
– Tdelay = total delay
– TO = delay outside the loop
– TL = delay of the loop
• TO is the sum of all delays outside the loop.
•40 TL is calculated using the formula
T = T X Loop T-States X N
Delay Loops
• Using these formulas, we can calculate
the time delay for the previous example:
• TO = 7 T-States
– Delay of the MVI instruction
• TL = (14 X 255) - 3 = 3567 T-States
– 14 T-States for the 2 instructions repeated 255 times
(FF16 = 25510) reduced by the 3 T-States for the final JNZ.
• TDelay = (7 + 3567) X 0.5 mSec = 1.787 mSec
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– Assuming f = 2 MHz
Using a Register Pair as a Loop
Counter
• Using a single register, one can repeat a loop for a
maximum count of 255 times.
• It is possible to increase this count by using a register
pair for the loop counter instead of the single register.
– A minor problem arises in how to test for the final
count since DCX and INX do not modify the flags.
– However, if the loop is looking for when the count
becomes zero, we can use a small trick by ORing the
two registers in the pair and then checking the zero
flag.
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Using a Register Pair as a Loop
Counter
• The following is an example of a delay
loop set up with a register pair as the loop
counter.
LOOP
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LXI B, 1000H
DCX B
MOV A, C
ORA B
JNZ LOOP
10 T-States
6 T-States
4 T-States
4 T-States
10 T-States
Using a Register Pair as a Loop
Counter
• Using the same formula from before, we
can calculate:
• TO = 10 T-States
–
The delay for the LXI instruction
• TL = (24 X 4096) - 3 = 98301 T- States
–
24 T-States for the 4 instructions in the loop repeated 4096
times (100016 = 409610) reduced by the 3 T-States for the JNZ
in the last iteration.
• TDelay = (10 + 98301) X 0.5 mSec = 49.155 mSec
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Nested Loops
• Nested loops can be
easily setup in Assembly
language by using two
registers for the two loop
counters and updating
the right register in the
right loop.
– In the figure, the body
of loop2 can be before
or after loop1.
Initialize loop 2
Body of loop 2
Initialize loop 1
Body of loop 1
Update the count1
No
Is this
Final
Count?
Yes
Update the count 2
No
Is this
Final
Count?
Yes
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Nested Loops for Delay
• Instead Register Pairs, a nested loop
structure can be used to increase the total
delay produced.
LOOP2
LOOP1
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MVI B, 10H
MVI C, FFH
DCR C
JNZ LOOP1
DCR B
JNZ LOOP2
7 T-States
7 T-States
4 T-States
10 T-States
4 T-States
10 T-States
Delay Calculation of Nested
Loops
• The calculation remains the same except that it the formula must be
applied recursively to each loop.
– Start with the inner loop, then plug that delay in the calculation of
the outer loop.
• Delay of inner loop
– TO1 = 7 T-States
• MVI C, FFH instruction
– TL1 = (255 X 14) - 3 = 3567 T-States
• 14 T-States for the DCR C and JNZ instructions repeated
255 times (FF16 = 25510) minus 3 for the final JNZ.
– TLOOP1 = 7 + 3567 = 3574 T-States
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Delay Calculation of Nested
Loops
• Delay of outer loop
– TO2 = 7 T-States
• MVI B, 10H instruction
– TL1 = (16 X (14 + 3574)) - 3 = 57405 T-States
• 14 T-States for the DCR B and JNZ instructions and 3574
T-States for loop1 repeated 16 times (1016 = 1610) minus 3 for the
final JNZ.
– TDelay = 7 + 57405 = 57412 T-States
• Total Delay
– TDelay = 57412 X 0.5 mSec = 28.706 mSec
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Increasing the delay
• The delay can be further increased by
using register pairs for each of the loop
counters in the nested loops setup.
• It can also be increased by adding dummy
instructions (like NOP) in the body of the
loop.
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Write a program to generate a
delay of 04 sec if the crystal
frequency is 5MHz
Operating frequency is half of
crystal frequency 2.5MHz
Time for one T-state = .4 micro sec
Number of
T-state required
= RT/Time for 1 T-state
=1000000
BACK:
LXI B, count
DCX B
MOVA,C
ORGA B
JNZ BACK
The Stack
• The stack is an area of memory identified by the
programmer for temporary storage of information.
• The stack is a LIFO structure.
– Last In First Out.
• The stack normally grows backwards into memory.
Memory
– In other words, the programmer
defines the bottom of the stack
and the stack grows up into
reducing address range.
The Stack
grows
backwards
into memory
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Bottom
of the
Stack
The Stack
• Given that the stack grows backwards into memory, it is
customary to place the bottom of the stack at the end of
memory to keep it as far away from user programs as
possible.
• In the 8085, the stack is defined by setting the SP (Stack
Pointer) register.
LXI SP, FFFFH
• This sets the Stack Pointer to location FFFFH (end of
memory for the 8085).
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Saving Information on the Stack
• Information is saved on the stack by PUSHing it
on.
– It is retrieved from the stack by POPing it off.
• The 8085 provides two instructions: PUSH and
POP for storing information on the stack and
retrieving it back.
– Both PUSH and POP work with register pairs
ONLY.
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The PUSH Instruction
• PUSH B
– Decrement SP
– Copy the contents of register B to the
memory location pointed to by SP
– Decrement SP
– Copy the contents of register C to the
memory location
pointed to by SP
C
B
12
F3
FFFB
FFFC
FFFD
FFFE
FFFF
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F3
12
SP
The POP Instruction
• POP D
– Copy the contents of the memory location
pointed to by the SP to register E
– Increment SP
– Copy the contents of the memory location
pointed to by the SP to register D
– IncrementDSP E
12
F3
FFFB
FFFC
FFFD
FFFE
FFFF
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F3
12
SP
Operation of the Stack
• During pushing, the stack operates in a “decrement then
store” style.
– The stack pointer is decremented first, then the
information is placed on the stack.
• During poping, the stack operates in a “use then
increment” style.
– The information is retrieved from the top of the the
stack and then the pointer is incremented.
• The SP pointer always points to “the top of the stack”.
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LIFO
• The order of PUSHs and POPs must be opposite of each
other in order to retrieve information back into its original
location.
PUSH B
PUSH D
...
POP D
POP B
• Reversing the order of the POP instructions will result in the
exchange of the contents of BC and DE.
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The PSW Register Pair
• The 8085 recognizes one additional register pair called
the PSW (Program Status Word).
– This register pair is made up of the Accumulator and
the Flags registers.
• It is possible to push the PSW onto the stack, do
whatever operations are needed, then POP it off of the
stack.
– The result is that the contents of the Accumulator and
the status of the Flags are returned to what they were
before the operations were executed.
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Subroutines
• A subroutine is a group of instructions that will be used
repeatedly in different locations of the program.
– Rather than repeat the same instructions several
times, they can be grouped into a subroutine that is
called from the different locations.
• In Assembly language, a subroutine can exist anywhere
in the code.
– However, it is customary to place subroutines
separately from the main program.
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Subroutines
• The 8085 has two instructions for dealing
with subroutines.
– The CALL instruction is used to redirect
program execution to the subroutine.
– The RTE insutruction is used to return the
execution to the calling routine.
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The CALL Instruction
• CALL 4000H
– Push the address of the instruction immediately following the
CALL onto the stack
– Load the program counter with the 16-bit address supplied
with the CALL instruction.
2000
2003
CALL 4000
PC
2003
FFFB
FFFC
FFFD
FFFE
FFFF
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03
20
SP
The RTE Instruction
• RTE
– Retrieve the return address from the top of
the stack
– Load the program counter with the return
address.
PC
4014
4015
63
...
RTE
2003
FFFB
FFFC
FFFD
FFFE
FFFF
03
20
SP
Cautions
• The CALL instruction places the return address at the
two memory locations immediately before where the
Stack Pointer is pointing.
– You must set the SP correctly BEFORE using the
CALL instruction.
• The RTE instruction takes the contents of the two
memory locations at the top of the stack and uses these
as the return address.
– Do not modify the stack pointer in a subroutine. You
will loose the return address.
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Passing Data to a Subroutine
• In Assembly Language data is passed to a subroutine
through registers.
– The data is stored in one of the registers by the
calling program and the subroutine uses the value
from the register.
• The other possibility is to use agreed upon memory
locations.
– The calling program stores the data in the memory
location and the subroutine retrieves the data from
the location and uses it.
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Call by Reference and Call by
Value
• If the subroutine performs operations on the contents of
the registers, then these modifications will be transferred
back to the calling program upon returning from a
subroutine.
– Call by reference
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Cautions with PUSH and POP
• PUSH and POP should be used in opposite order.
• There has to be as many POP’s as there are PUSH’s.
– If not, the RET statement will pick up the wrong
information from the top of the stack and the program
will fail.
• It is not advisable to place PUSH or POP inside a loop.
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Conditional CALL and RTE
Instructions
• The 8085 supports conditional CALL and conditional
RTE instructions.
– The same conditions used with conditional JUMP
instructions can be used.
–
–
–
–
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CC, call subroutine if Carry flag is set.
CNC, call subroutine if Carry flag is not set
RC, return from subroutine if Carry flag is set
RNC, return from subroutine if Carry flag is not set
Program to convert BCD to HEX
LXI H, 2000
MOV A,M
ADD A
MOV B,A
ADD A
ADD A
ADD B
INX H
ADD M
INX H
MOV M,A
HLT
Input: 2000 02
2001 09
2002 1D
Program to convert HEX to BCD
LOOP2:
LOOP1:
LXI H,2000
MVI D,00
XRA A
MOV C,M
ADI 01
DAA
JNC LOOP1
INR D
DCR C
JNZ LOOP2
STA 2001
MOV A,D
STA 2002
HLT
INPUT:
2000 0A
2001 10
Program to convert HEX to ASCII
SUB1:
SKIP:
LDA 2000
MOV B,A
ANI 0FH
CALL SUB1
STA 2001
MOV A,B
ANI F0H
RLC
RLC
RLC
RLC
CALL SUB1
STA 2002
HLT
CPI 0AH
JC SKIP
ADI 07
ADI 30
RET
INPUT:
2000 E4
2001 34
2002 45
Program to convert ASCII to HEX
LDA 2000
SUI 30
CPI 0AH
JC SKIP
SUI 07
SKIP:STA 2001
HLT
INPUT:
2000 45
2001 0E