Transcript What are the possible causes of Mental Health Problems..? Write

Social Work and Mental
Health
Week 2 – Incidence and
Determinants of Mental Illness
Learning Outcomes: 21 October 2015
•To establish the determinants of Mental
Health
•To examine the incidence and
probability of poor Mental Health
List of mental health disorders
•How many can you think of? Write them
down
•Officially 110
• http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Pages/bodymap.aspx?Subject=Menta
l%20health%20disorders
How many people experience MH
problems?
The Office for National Statistics
Psychiatric Morbidity report found that in
any one year 1 in 4 British adults
experience at least one mental disorder,
and 1 in 6 experiences this at any given
time.
Calculations
•Some calculations are based on how many
people have a mental health problem at any
point in time, while others measure the
likelihood of someone developing mental
health problems in their lifetime. Others
measure rates per year. Figures may relate to
different populations such as the adult
population, a regional population or a nation
within the UK (eg. The North West or
England), or an international population.
Classifying MH problems:
•Most mental health symptoms have traditionally
been divided into groups called either ‘neurotic’
or ‘psychotic’ symptoms.
•‘Neurotic’ covers those symptoms which can be
regarded as extreme forms of ‘normal’ emotional
experiences such as depression, anxiety or panic.
•Conditions formerly referred to as ‘neuroses’ are
now more frequently called ‘common mental
health problems,’
Less common are ‘psychotic’ symptoms
which interfere with a person’s perception
of reality and may include hallucinations,
delusions or paranoia, with the person
seeing, hearing, smelling, feeling or
believing things that no one else does.
Psychotic symptoms or ‘psychoses’ are
often associated with ‘severe mental health
problems.’
Statistics…
•In a 2001 survey, 15% of British adults
reported experiencing ‘neurotic
symptoms’ in the previous week.
• Mixed anxiety and depression is the
most common mental disorder in
Britain, with almost 9% of people
meeting criteria for diagnosis.
Age Related….?
Overall, common mental health problems peak in
middle age. 20-25% of people in the 45-54 years
age group have a ‘neurotic disorder’.
As people age, neurotic disorders become less
common, with the lowest level
recorded in the 70-74 years age group.
Depression: Between 8% and 12% of the
population experience depression in any year.
•A depressive episode may be classed as
mild, moderate or severe, depending on
the number and intensity of associated
symptoms, such as sleep disturbance,
appetite and weight change, anxiety, poor
concentration, irritability and suicidal
thoughts.
Depression tends to recur in most people.
More than half of people who have one
episode of depression will have another,
while those who have a second episode
have a further relapse risk of 70%.
After a third episode, the relapse risk is
90%.
For about 1 in 5 people, the condition is
chronic.
Suicide Rates:
Scotland has the highest suicide rate in the UK at
20 in
100,000, an increase of 1% over a decade and the
only
country in the UK to show a rise.
In England the suicide
rate is 10 per 100,000 people.
In both Northern Ireland and Wales
the suicide rate is 11 per 100,000.
4% of people who took
their lives were the
lone carers of
children.
Suicide and selfharm are not
themselves
mental illnesses,
but they usually
result from
mental distress.
•In around a quarter of suicide inquiry cases in
England, Wales and Scotland and nearly a third
in Northern Ireland, the person died within
three months of discharge from in-patient
care, with a peak in the first one to two weeks
after discharge.
•In England and Wales 40% died before the first
follow up appointment.
•In Scotland this was 35% and in Northern
Ireland 66%.
Suicide and ethnicity
In the five years to 2001, 6% of people who took their
own lives in England and Wales were from an ethnic
minority group.
In Scotland this was 2% and in Northern
Ireland 1%.
The 2001 Census found that 9% of the
population in England were from ethnic minorities.
In Wales this was 2%, in Scotland 2% and in Northern
Ireland 0.75%.
BME (Black and Minority Ethnic) Black Caribbean
The National Confidential Inquiry into Suicide and
Homicide by People with Mental Illness in the five
years to 2001 found that people from ethnic
minorities who died by suicide usually had severe
mental illness.
Three quarters of Black Caribbean people who
took their own lives had a diagnosis of
schizophrenia.
Influences….
Self-harming and suicide may be influenced by the
depiction of similar behaviour in the media or taking
place in peer groups.
For example, one study showed a
17% increase in presentations to hospital from selfpoisoning in the week after an overdose was depicted
in a TV drama.
Similarly, a study of teenagers who self-harmed
found that the strongest associated factor was
awareness of friends who had also self-harmed.
What are the possible causes of Mental
Health Problems..?
Write down as many possible causes of Mental
Health Problems you can think of.
Think of some scenarios and examples to share
with the group.
What influences our Mental
Health?
• Family Relationships
• Childhood Experiences
• Friendships
• Lifestyle Choices
• Genetics
• Coping Strategies
• Addiction Problems
• Crime
• Finances
• Housing
• Bereavement
• Sense of Purpose
• Stress
• Communication
• Bullying
• Workload
Give examples of ‘Determinants’
of MH problems
•Society
•Community
•Family
•Individuals
•Take one of the
topics per group
• List as many
possible
determinants as you
can think of and
present to the class
with your
explanations.
Resources:
Office for National Statistics. Health & Social Care – Specialist
Health Care – Mental Health Services.
http://www.ons.gov.uk/ons/taxonomy/index.html?nscl=Ment
al+Health+Services
The Fundamental Facts (2007) The Latest Facts and Figures
on Mental Health
http://www.mentalhealth.org.uk/content/assets/PDF/publica
tions/fundamental_facts_2007.pdf?view=Standard