Transcript post-disaster intervention

POST-DISASTER
PHASE
Katharina Sexlinger, Almira Geosev and Oliver Schrot
Environmental Risk Analysis SS 2016
Outline
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Introduction
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Post disaster phases & principles
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What is post-disaster intervention?
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Post-traumatic stress disorder
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Post-disaster intervention techniques – an overview
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Case study – post-disaster intervention & rehabilitation after nuclear accident
Introduction
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In general two types of disasters
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Natural (earthquakes, thunderstorms, tsunamis, avalanches, debris flows,
flooding…)
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Technological (nuclear accident, chemical spills, train derailments …)
Disasters lead into crisis – „critical event that may lead to catastrophe“
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is an acute disruption of psychological homeostasis (Flechtner 1970)
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Triggers distress and the affected person looses coping ability (Roberts & Ottens
2005)
Post-disaster intervention wants to protect human (mental) health
Post-diaster phases
Source: http://resilienturbanism.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/Post-DisasterResilience-Diagram-e1374008925769.png accessed 03.06.2016 11:20
Disaster Risk Framework
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GFDRR + EU + UNDP
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practice-based, results-focused tool
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planning for resilient post disaster recovery
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basis for quantifying recovery needs and
formulating broad strategies
Disaster Risk Framework
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1) Conducting Post-Disaster Damage & Needs Assessment
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Assess entire scope of impact of disaster
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Social, Infrastructure, Productive, Human & Social Development, Macro-economy,
Finance,
2) Policy & Strategy Setting for Recovery
Disaster Risk Framework
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3) Institutional Framework for Recovery
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4) Financing for Recovery
Disaster Risk Framework
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5) Implementation Arrangements & Recovery Management
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6) Strengthening Recovery Systems in National and Local Governments
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Develop Capacity to Implement Disaster Assessments
Post-disaster intervention
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Shares many similarities with crisis intervention
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But crisis intervention is a broader field
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…emergency psychological care to assist individuals who are within and
suffer from a particular crisis situation –as people face the negative
outcomes of a natural catastrophic event
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Health = physical + mental
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The mental status of a person determines his or her vulnerability to risk
Post-disaster intervention techniques I
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Why do we need intervention techniques?
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Often a disaster triggers a post-traumatic stress disorder
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Witnessed accidents
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Encounter life threatening situations
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Feeling of faint
Various symptoms
PTSD patient with visible traumatic brain damage
Source: http://ww2.kqed.org/science/2013/05/31/when-will-mentalillness-be-diagnosed-with-a-lab-test/ accessed 04.06.2016 11:45
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Nightmares, traumas, emotional numbness, emotional isolation, changes in
reactivity
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Loss of life quality
Post-disaster intervention techniques II
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A quick and effective response helps to minimize the progress of a PTSD
because symptoms occur in the first weeks after a natural disaster event and
may last several months to years on the long run.
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Numerous methods…
Post-disaster counseling
SAFER-R Model
The 7 Stage Crisis Intervention Model
Mental State Examination
Physical activity in post-disaster
intervention
Post-disaster education
The 7 Stage Crisis Intervention Model
(Robert & Ottens 2005)
Case Study – Post Disaster Intervention
in Case of a Nuclear Accident
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Complex and Expensive
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Triggered by Natural Disaster (Fukushima)
First Measures
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Search and Rescue
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Medical Treatment
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Evacuation
Well trained proceidures!
Before Fallout
National Emergency Plan
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Evaluation of Dose Rates
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Weather Conditions / Weather Forecast
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Information & Psychosocial Support
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Medical Resources
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Exposition
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Fallout Preperation
Nuclear Power Plant
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Emergency Plan and Procedures
After Fallout
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Evaluation (24/7)
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Information
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Environmental Monitoring
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Decontamination
Remediation
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Environmental Remediation
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Decontamination
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Waste Management
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Decommissioning
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Risk Maps
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Economical Issues
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Health Monitoring
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especially cancer
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low level studies
Sources
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Anxiety and Depression Association of America, 2011. Posttraumatic Stress Disorder,
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Braumeister, R.F., Dale, K. & Sommer, K.L., 1998. Freudian Defense Mechanisms and Empirical Findings in Modern Social Psychology: Reaction Formation,
Projection, Displacement, Undoing, Isolation, Sublimination, and Denial. Journal of Personality, 66(6), pp.1081 – 1124.
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Cohen, R., 2011. Post-Disaster Intervention Procedure.
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Davidson, J.R.T., 2006. After the tsunami: Mental health challenges to the community for today and tomorrow. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 67(SUPPL. 2), pp.3–8.
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Flechtner, H.-J., 1970. Grundbegriffe der Kybernetik - Eine Einfürhung, Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag.
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Freeman, P.K. et al., 2003. Disaster Risk Management.
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IAEA, 2013. Decomissioning and Remediation after a Nuclear Accident, International Expert Meeting Report Vienna 2013.
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IFRC, 2015. World Disaster Report 2015, Available at: http://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/1293600-World-Disasters-Report-2015_en.pdf.
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IPCC, 2014. Climate Change 2014: Synthesis Report. Contribution of Working Groups I, II and III to the Fifth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on
Climate Change,
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IPCC, 2012. Managing the risks of extreme events and disasters to advance climate change adaptation, Available at: https://www.ipcc.ch/pdf/specialreports/srex/SREX_Full_Report.pdf\npapers2://publication/uuid/41AD43FB-2529-4ACD-AD33-4C2D0AB4A0F3\nhttp://ipcc-wg2.gov/SREX/.
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Jackson-Cherry, L. & Erford, B., 2010. Crisis Intervention and Prevention. Pearson, p.256.
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NATO, 2001. Guidelines on Crisis Intervention. Fact Sheet for Police Intervention. Available at:
http://streitcouncil.org/uploads/PDF/AFPUS_Ultimate_Goal_NATO.pdf.
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Neria, Y., Nandi, A. & Galeas, S., 2008. Post-traumatic stress disorder following disaters: a systematic review. Psychological Medicine, 38 (4), pp.467–480.
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Roberts, A.R. & Ottens, A.J., 2005. The seven-stage crisis intervention model: A road map to goal attainment, problem solving, and crisis resolution. Brief
Treatment and Crisis Intervention, 5(4), pp.329–339.
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Snyderman, D. & Rovner, B., 2009. Mental status exam in primary care: a review. American family physician, 80(8), pp.809–814.
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U.S. Department for Health and Human Services, ., 1999. Crisis Counseling Programs for the Rural Community. Lab on a chip, 9(24), p.3454.
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US National Hazard Reduction Program, 2005. Indian Ocean Earthquake / Tsunami of December 26 , 2004. , pp.1–11.
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USAID, 2014. Guide to edudcation in natural disasters. , (January).
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Wilmot, C.G. & Mei, B., 2004. Crisis Response and Disaster Resilience 2030: Forging Strategic Action in an Age of Uncertainty. Natural Hazards Review, 5(4), pp.170–
178. Available at: http://www.fema.gov/library/viewRecord.do?id=4995.