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DISORDERS AND DYSFUNCTION (ASSESSMENT 3)
1a Outline a cognitive explanation for
one disorder (10)
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70%/30% OR 30%/70%?
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Main points?
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Study?
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Faulty thoughts – relating to anxiety disorder
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Faulty thoughts: Cognitive bias – name and explain the four biases (this will
provide you with enough marks
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Study 3 marks
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Link excessive worry to faulty thoughts
1b Assess the effectiveness of the
explanation for one disorder (15)
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Effectiveness – What does this mean? What points are we going to make?
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Is it an effective explanation – Yes? Why? No? Why?
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Slapbacks are essential
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Assess: provide a conclusion
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Pairs – sort ideas on the next slide
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Provide a plan for the 15 marker
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P
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C
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E
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C
Cognitive
Individual
Reductionist
Behavioural
Slap back idea Situational
Slap back idea:
Nature
Biological
Nurture
Free will
Determinist
Slap back idea Effective treatment
Plan 1b -Pairs
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Points, evidence & comment
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Slapback, evidence & comment
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1.
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1.
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2.
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2.
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3.
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3.
2A) Describe the characteristics of a
psychotic disorder
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Main points?
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The correct disorder!
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Use of the DSM 5 NOT DSM IV!
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Timeframe – symptoms (1 month of active symptoms one MUST be
delusions, hallucinations or disorganised speech.
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ALL of the 5 symptoms need to be provided
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Exclusions (I.e. not due to other disorder such as autism or drugs)
2b Evaluate difficulties when identifying
characteristics of psychological disorders
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Same Qs as mock! This was also a HW question.
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Points: 3 difficulties (focus on ‘strong’ points! Reliability, validity,
comorbidity, debates etc.)
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Points: 3 counter arguments (slapbacks)
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Evidence – from your knowledge of DSM 5 symptoms AND studies we
covered in the reliability/validity lesson. Refer to notes.
Comorbidity or overlapping of
symptoms – limitation
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Problems with overlapping symptoms?
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Bipolar illness vs. schiz
With this type of illness the symptoms of psychosis relate more to mood disturbance than to
thought disturbance. A person will experience mood elevations (mania) and sometimes
depression, which may persist or fluctuate in intensity. When psychotic symptoms arise, they
often reflect the person’s mood. For example, people who are depressed may hear voices
that put them down. People who are experiencing an elevated mood may believe they are
special and are capable of doing amazing things.
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Comorbidity: the presence of two or more disorders in the same person simultaneously.
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What if someone had symptoms of 2 or 3 disorders? How would this effect the prognosis and
treatment?
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Why is this a difficulty?
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Two or more of the following present for a significant
period of time over a 1 month period. One must be
1,2,or 3.
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1. delusions
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2.Hallucinations
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3. disorganised speech
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4. disorganised behaviour
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5. negative symptoms (affective flattening, avolition)
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B. social/occupational dysfunction
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C Duration 6 months – continuous disturbance for 6
months. 1 month of active symptoms (1,2,3).
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D Schizoaffective and mood disorder exclusion
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Ruled out as no major depressive episodes have
occurred concurrently with active phase symptoms.
Or duration has been brief relative to the active
symptoms duration
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Over the two week period; you need to have at least five
of the9 symptoms to qualify, and one of these five has to
be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in
activities.

A. 1. Depressed mood most of the day, almost every day,
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost
all activities most of the day nearly every day.
3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain.
4. Inability to sleep or oversleeping nearly every day.
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day.
6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.
7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate
guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day.
8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or
indecisiveness, nearly every day.
9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying),
recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a
suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.
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B. Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in
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C. The episode is not due to the effects of a substance or to a
medical conditionD.
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The occurrence is not better explained by schizoaffective
disorder, schizophrenia
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E Substance exclusion
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F – Autism: additional symptom of schizpophrenia is
made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations are
also present for at least 1 month
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social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning
E. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic
episode
Note: Symptoms are not better accounted for by bereavement

Two or more of the following present for a significant
period of time over a 1 month period. One must be
1,2,or 3.

1. delusions
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2.Hallucinations
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3. disorganised speech
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4. disorganised behaviour
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5. negative symptoms (affective flattening, avolition)
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B. social/occupational dysfunction
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C Duration 6 months – continuous disturbance for 6
months. 1 month of active symptoms (1,2,3).

D Schizoaffective and mood disorder exclusion
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Ruled out as no major depressive episodes have
occurred concurrently with active phase symptoms.
Or duration has been brief relative to the active
symptoms duration

Over the two week period; you need to have at least five of
the9 symptoms to qualify, and one of these five has to be
either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in
activities.

A. 1. Depressed mood most of the day, almost every day,
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost all
activities most of the day nearly every day.
3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain.
4. Inability to sleep or oversleeping nearly every day.
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day.
6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.
7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt
(which may be delusional) nearly every day.
8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or
indecisiveness, nearly every day.
9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying),
recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a
suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.

B. Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or impairment in
social, occupational, or other important areas of functioning

C. The episode is not due to the effects of a substance or to a
medical conditionD.

The occurrence is not better explained by schizoaffective
disorder, schizophrenia
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E Substance exclusion
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F – Autism: additional symptom of schizpophrenia is
made only if prominent delusions or hallucinations are
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also present for at least 1 month
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E. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic
episode
Note: Symptoms are not better accounted for by bereavement

A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive
expectation), occurring more days than not for at
least 6 months, about a number of events or activities
(such as work or school performance).
B. The individual finds it difficult to control the worry.
C. The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or
more) of the following six symptoms.
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Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge.
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Being easily fatigued.
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Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank.
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Irritability.
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Muscle tension.
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Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep,
or restless, unsatisfying sleep).
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D. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause
clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
E. The disturbance is not attributable to the
physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of
abuse, a medication) or another medical condition
(e.g., hyperthyroidism).
F. The disturbance is not better explained by another
mental disorder (e.g., anxiety or worry about having
panic attacks in panic disorder)

over the two week period; you need to have at least five
of the 9 symptoms to qualify, and one of these five has to
be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in
activities.

A. 1. Depressed mood most of the day, almost every day,
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost
all activities most of the day nearly every day.
3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain.
4. Inability to sleep or oversleeping nearly every day.
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day.
6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.
7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate
guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day.
8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or
indecisiveness, nearly every day.
9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying),
recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a
suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.

B. Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other important
areas of functioning

C. The episode is not due to the effects of a substance or
to a medical condition

D. The occurrence is not better explained by
schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform
disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified and
unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic
disorders

E. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic
episode

Note: Symptoms are not better accounted for by
bereavement

A. Excessive anxiety and worry (apprehensive
expectation), occurring more days than not for at
least 6 months, about a number of events or activities
(such as work or school performance).
B. The individual finds it difficult to control the worry.
C. The anxiety and worry are associated with three (or
more) of the following six symptoms.

Restlessness or feeling keyed up or on edge.

Being easily fatigued.

Difficulty concentrating or mind going blank.

Irritability.

Muscle tension.

Sleep disturbance (difficulty falling or staying asleep,
or restless, unsatisfying sleep).

D. The anxiety, worry, or physical symptoms cause
clinically significant distress or impairment in social,
occupational, or other important areas of functioning.
E. The disturbance is not attributable to the
physiological effects of a substance (e.g., a drug of
abuse, a medication) or another medical condition
(e.g., hyperthyroidism).
F. The disturbance is not better explained by another
mental disorder (e.g., anxiety or worry about having
panic attacks in panic disorder)

over the two week period; you need to have at least five
of the 9 symptoms to qualify, and one of these five has to
be either depressed mood or loss of interest or pleasure in
activities.

A. 1. Depressed mood most of the day, almost every day,
2. Markedly diminished interest or pleasure in all or almost
all activities most of the day nearly every day.
3. Significant weight loss when not dieting or weight gain.
4. Inability to sleep or oversleeping nearly every day.
5. Psychomotor agitation or retardation nearly every day.
6. Fatigue or loss of energy nearly every day.
7. Feelings of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate
guilt (which may be delusional) nearly every day.
8. Diminished ability to think or concentrate, or
indecisiveness, nearly every day.
9. Recurrent thoughts of death (not just fear of dying),
recurrent suicidal ideation without a specific plan, or a
suicide attempt or a specific plan for committing suicide.

B. Symptoms cause clinically significant distress or
impairment in social, occupational, or other important
areas of functioning

C. The episode is not due to the effects of a substance or
to a medical condition

D. The occurrence is not better explained by
schizoaffective disorder, schizophrenia, schizophreniform
disorder, delusional disorder, or other specified and
unspecified schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic
disorders
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E. There has never been a manic episode or a hypomanic
episode
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Note: Symptoms are not better accounted for by
bereavement
Counter-arguments (slapbacks)
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However…..? In pairs construct a slap back
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Focus on the symptoms, timeframe and exclusions
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Points, evidence & comment
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1.
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P Limitation: Comorbidity
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E GAD and Depression symptoms
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Slapback, evidence & comment
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1.
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2. Validity -
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3. Reliability
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2.
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3.
3a) Describe one way (e.g. classification
system) in which dysfunctional behaviour can
be categorised (10)
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You could describe how any of the disorders we have covered can be
classified.
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DSM 5
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ALL symptoms provided in DSM 5 – including time period
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Mention of other criteria i.e. social functioning problems
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Exclusions
3b) Discuss the limitations of
diagnosing dysfunctional behaviour
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Same as 2b
4a) Describe how dysfunctional behaviour
could be treated cognitively (10)
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Main points?
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70%/30% or 30%/70%?
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Intro
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CBT (not applied relaxation!) Refer to slides not just the textbook as we have provided
you with the information you need for this!
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CBT needs to be explained in enough detail for 7 marks
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3 marks on the study – Ost and Westling (refer to slides it compares CBT with applied
relaxation – not drugs)
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Also use the results from after one year – this shows the effectiveness of the treatment
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89% of those that went through CBT were panic free after one year
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This shows that?
4b) Discuss the effectiveness of treatments
for dysfunctional behaviour (15)
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What does effectiveness mean in this context?
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Structure?
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E.g.
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Treatment – effective
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Treatment – not effective x 3
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Using Strengths and weaknesses
Cognitive
Biological
Effective:
Not effective:
Not effective:
Effective:
Effectiveness of
treatments
Behavioural
Effective:
Not effective:
4b) Discuss the effectiveness of
treatments for dysfunctional
behaviour (15)
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Pairs –In note form produce a plan
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PCEC
Ideas
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Cognitive – effective: Holistic - long term effectiveness
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Cognitive – not effective: motivation needed
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Bio – change level of hormones symptoms not cause (not effective at dealing with cause) therefore
short term not long term treatment. If they stop taking the drug they will be likely to relapse
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Bio – effective – quick, easy, a huge amount of motivation isn’t needed
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Behavioural: not effective - reductionist – down to changing association from negative to positive
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Effective participant is in control – choice to move through hierarchy at their own pace. Asked for
feedback throughout.
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More comfortable – may see benefits more than costs and be likely to complete the treatment. This will
lead to effective treatment