Transcript Food Safety During Pregnancy

Nutrition through the
Life Span
Unit One
Prenatal and
Through the 1st Year
(FNL 2, 3, 4)
FNL 1
Standards
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FCS-FNL-2. Students will discuss the requirements of
maternal and fetal nutrition during pregnancy.
FCS-FNL-3. Students will discuss the proper feeding of
newborns by analyzing nutritional requirements and
potential deficiencies of mother and child during the first
weeks after birth.
FCS-FNL-4. Students will develop and analyze a nutritionally
balanced diet for infants from birth through the first year of
life.
FCS-FNL-1. Students will design and demonstrate a
nutritious diet.
NUTRITION & EXERCISE
DURING PREGNANCY
Preparation for pregnancy
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A mother brings to her pregnancy, all of her previous
life experiences; diet, food habits, attitudes.
Birth defects occur before the 10th week of
pregnancy.
The outcome of her baby’s health depends on
mother’s nutritional state.
Prepare body 2 years ahead.
If nutrients are lacking the mother suffers first and
then the baby suffers.
Bad diet can cause:
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Premature birth
Low birth weight
Feeble, weak
Inability to breast feed
Deformed babies
complications at birth
Depression
Babies have fewer brain cells
Weight Gain
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25-30 pounds Total
(average weight)
Two and five pounds in
the first trimester
About one pound per
week for the rest of
your pregnancy.
Distribution o f Weight Gain
WEIGHT GAIN In POUNDS
7.5 – 8.5
7.5
4
2.7
2
1.8
1.5
10
28-29 Pounds Total
AREA
 Fetus
 Stores of Fat & Protein
 Blood
 Tissue Fluids
 Uterus
 Amniotic Fluid
 Placenta & Cord
 Breasts
Affect on body
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Increased clumsiness
Backache are the most common.
Many women complain of leg- and ankleswelling (edema), but this symptom is
actually caused by the extra amount of blood
in your body, not fat.
Food Pyramid
Food Groups
And
Serving Amounts
Fats
sparingly
Milk
3-4
Vegetables
4-5
Meat
2-3
Fruit
3-4
Bread / Grain
9-11
Recommended Daily Allowance:
Normal
Calories
F
2,200
Pregnant
M
2,800
11
+300
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Bread
9
9-11
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Vegetables
4
9
4-5
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Fruit
3
4
3-4
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Milk
3
3
3-4
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Meat
2 (6oz)
3 (7oz)
2-3
Guide to Good Eating During Pregnancy
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Milk-Cheese Group - 3 servings (Pregnant Teens: add 1 serving)
Count as 1 serving: 1 cup milk, 1 1/2 cup cottage cheese; 2 cups ice cream; 2, 1-inch cubes cheese.
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Meat, Poultry, Fish and Beans - 3 servings
Count as one serving: 2 to 3 ounces meat, fish or poultry; 2 eggs; 2 slices lunch meat; 4 Tbls. peanut
butter; 1 cup kidney, pinto or garbanzo beans
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Fruit Group - 3 servings (Pregnant Teens: add 1 serving)
Count as 1 serving: 3/4 cup juice; 1 medium banana, apple or orange.
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Vegetable Group - 4 servings (Pregnant Teens: add 1 serving)
Count as 1 serving: 1/2 cup cooked vegetables; 1 cup raw leafy vegetables; 3/4 cup juice.
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Include every day:
1 rich Vitamin C source such as citrus fruit and 1 dark green leafy vegetable.
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Bread and Cereals Group - 9 servings (Pregnant Teens: add 1 to 2 servings)
Count as 1 serving: 1 slice bread; 1-ounce ready-to-eat cereal; 1/2 to 3/4 cup cooked cereal or pasta.
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Fats, Oils and Sweets Group - Use Sparingly
Count as 1 serving: 1 Tbl. corn, safflower or cottonseed oil used in cooking or in salad dressing; 1 Tbl.
butter or margarine.
Cakes, pies, cookies, soft drinks, sugar, honey, candy, jams, jellies, gravies, butter, sour cream - Save
these to eat only if you need extra calories after eating the basic needed foods.
Sample Menu? 2000 Calories
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BREAKFAST
½ grapefruit
¾ cup oatmeal
1 tsp raisins
1 whole wheat
English muffin
1 tsp margarine
LUNCH
Salad with:
1 cup romaine lettuce
½ cup kidney beans, cooked
½ fresh tomato
1 oz skim mozzarella cheese
2 tbsp low calorie Italian
dressing
1 bran muffin
½ cup cantaloupe chunks
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AFTERNOON SNACK
2 rice cakes
6 oz low-fat yogurt, plain
½ cup blueberries
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DINNER
¾ cup vegetables soup with
¼ cup cooked barley
3 oz chicken, w/o skin
1 baked potato
½ cup cooked broccoli
1 piece whole wheat bread
1 tbsp margarine
1 fresh peach
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BEDTIME SNACK
1 apple
2 cups popcorn, plain
¼ cup peanuts
“fast” food
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Single serve fruit
bowls
Soy milk
Tuna fish
Raisins
Yogurt
Easy-to-make trail
mix
7. Salad Bar
8. Baby carrots
9. String Cheese
10. Boxed, calcium
fortified orange juice
11. Single-serve boxes of
cereal
12. Single-serve cottage
cheese bowl
Foods to avoid:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Ramen Noodles
Sodas
Pre-packaged lunches
(like lunchables)
Almost all prepared, frozen meals
Iceberg lettuce
Exercise during Pregnancy
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Reduces fatigue and helps manage stress
Increases endurance and strengthening
muscles
Help relieve back pressure
Improve posture and balance
Improve circulation & lowers
blood pressure
Helps prepare for the strain of labor.
Improve self image.
Regain figure faster.
Exercises
1.
Stretches for lower back
2.
Upper back stretch
Pelvic Tilts
3.
4.
Kegels
Promoting a
Healthy Teenage
Pregnancy
Jennifer Hillan, MSH, RD, LD/N
Family, Youth, and Community Sciences
University of Florida/IFAS
Facts and Figures
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Teenage birth rates are declining in U.S.
U.S. rates are highest among developed countries.
Nearly 12% of all U.S. births in 2000 were to teens.
Florida teen birth rate higher than U.S. average.
(53.5 vs. 49.6 births per 1000 15-19 year olds in 1999)
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Poor and low-income teens have highest birth rates.
National Center for Health Statistics, 2001
Lenders et al, 2000
Behaviors of Teen Moms
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Compared to pregnant adults, pregnant
teens are more likely to:
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Receive late or no prenatal care
Use tobacco
National Center for Health Statistics, 2002
Prenatal Care is Important
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Best way to have a healthy baby.
Manages both preexisting and
pregnancy-related health
conditions.
Evaluates risk of poor pregnancy outcome.
Health risks to mother and baby increase if late
or no prenatal care.
Alcohol, Tobacco & Other Drugs
Use can lead to low birth weight, premature
delivery, growth retardation, learning
disorders, birth defects, miscarriage, or
infant death.
No “safe” level of smoking; even 1-5 cigarettes per
day can have harmful effects.
National Center for Health Statistics, 2002
Risks for Mom
Pregnant teens are at increased risk for
health complications such as:
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Anemia
High blood pressure
Premature labor
Risks for Baby
Babies born to teens are twice as likely to be
premature and of low birth weight.
Increased risk of developmental delays, serious and
long-term illnesses, and death.
Infant death rate is three times higher in teen than in
adult pregnancies.
Rees, Lederman, Kiely, 1996
Weight Gain Recommendations
Prepregnancy BMI (kg/m2)
Weight Gain
Low (<19.8)
28-40 pounds
Normal (19.8-26)
25-35 pounds
High (>26-29)
15-25 pounds
Obese (>29)
At least 15 pounds
Teens should strive for weight gain at upper end of ranges to
support own and baby’s needs for growth and development.
Institute of Medicine of the National Academy of Sciences, 1990
Weight Loss During Pregnancy
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Teenagers are often worried about weight gain.
Pregnancy is not the time for dieting or weight loss,
even for obese females.
Dieting deprives the body of important nutrients needed for
growth & development.
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Focus should be on adapting a healthy lifestyle,
including the right amount of healthful foods.
Pregnant Teens at Nutritional Risk
Mom is still growing and her needs for growth &
development are compromised by baby’s needs for
growth & development.
Mother and baby compete for nutrients.
 Pregnant teens often have diets low in iron, zinc,
calcium, folate, magnesium, vitamin D, and vitamin
E.
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Giddens at al, 2000
Nutrition for Pregnant Teens
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Increased energy needs (+300 Kcals)
Increased protein needs (+14-16 g)
This amount is usually met by average American diet.
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Increased need for many vitamins and minerals
Focus on nutrient-dense foods
Nutrients of Special Concern
Calcium (1300 mg/day for all girls 9-18)
 Calcium absorption is increased during pregnancy,
so recommendations are same for pregnant and
nonpregnant teens.
 Teens often have low calcium intakes.
 Increased calcium intakes have been associated
with lower rates of pregnancy-induced hypertension
and premature delivery.
Ortega et al, 1999; Repke and Villar, 1991
Nutrients of Special Concern
Folate (600 g/day for pregnant teens and adults)
 Teens often have low folate intakes.
 Helps prevent neural tube defects.
 Good sources include oranges and orange
juice, lentils and dry beans, green leafy
vegetables, fortified cereals.
Nutrients of Special Concern
Iron (27 mg/day for pregnant teens and adults)
 Teens often have low iron intakes.
 Needs are greatly increased during pregnancy.
 Most common deficiency in pregnancy.
 Iron-deficiency anemia is associated with premature
delivery, low birth weight, and increased rates of
infant death.
 Supplement recommended.
Food and Nutrition Board of the National Academy of Sciences, 2000
Food Guide Pyramid
With the exception
of iron and
possibly folate,
nutrient needs can
be met through
smart food choices
from the FGP.
FGP Recommendations for Pregnant Teens
No. of Servings
Food Group
Daily
Bread, cereal, rice & pasta
9 or more
Vegetable
4 or more
Fruit
3 or more
Milk, yogurt & cheese
4
Meat, poultry, fish, dry beans,
eggs & nuts
Fats, oils & sweets
2-3
Use sparingly
Food Safety During Pregnancy
Pregnant women are at high risk for
listeriosis, a foodborne illness caused by
Listeria monocytogenes.
 Listeriosis can have serious effects,
including miscarriage.
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Food Safety During Pregnancy
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Toxoplasmosis, caused by the parasite
Toxoplasma gondii, is also a special concern
during pregnancy.
Toxoplasmosis can be passed to the fetus and
cause blindness and retardation.
In addition to raw meat, Toxoplasma can also be
present in soil and cat litter.
Food Safety During Pregnancy
To reduce the risk of foodborne illness, pregnant women
should avoid:
 unpasteurized milk and milk products
 soft cheeses such as feta, Brie, Camembert, blueveined, and Mexican-style
Pasteurized processed cheese slices and spreads, cream cheese, and
cottage cheese are OK.
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cold, ready-to-eat hot dogs & luncheon (deli) meats
These meats are OK if they are heated until steaming hot.
Food Safety During Pregnancy
More foods to avoid:
 raw or undercooked meat, poultry, or seafood
 refrigerated smoked seafood or seafood
spreads, and pate
Canned meat and seafood are OK.
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UNWASHED fruits and vegetables
Additional Precautions Against
Toxoplasmosis
Pregnant women should:
 wear gloves if handling soil
 have someone else clean cat litter
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If that’s not possible, wear gloves and immediately wash
hands afterwards.
Clean cat box daily, since infection can only occur a few
days after feces is passed.
Breastfeeding
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Many benefits for both mom and baby.
More teens try breastfeeding after receiving
breastfeeding education.
Teens who become pregnant shortly after first
menstruation may have immature mammary
glands and/or not enough breast tissue for
successful lactation.
Volpe and Bear, 2000
Recommendations for a
Healthy Pregnancy
Teens should be encouraged to:
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seek medical care as soon as pregnancy is suspected
avoid the use of tobacco, alcohol, or other drugs
follow weight gain recommendations
take supplements as prescribed by health care provider
follow the Food Guide Pyramid and eat a variety of foods
receive breastfeeding education
Prenatal Assignments
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Find out the current rate of teenage
pregnancies in Telfair County? Georgia?
http://www.georgiastats.uga.edu/crossection.
html
What is your family history of teen births?
Would you like to share a story?
Nutrition
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You are taking care of an expectant mother
on bed rest.
Plan a meal.
Write the menu including nutritional facts.
Cook the meal.
Pregnancy resources
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Create a tip book for pregnant moms that
includes region and area resources for
assistance.