Transcript What is Psychology?

Invitation To Psychology
Carol Wade and Carol Tavris
PowerPoint Presentation by
H. Lynn Bradman
Metropolitan Community College-Omaha
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Psychological Disorders
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Psychological Disorders
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Defining and Diagnosing Disorder
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Personality Disorders
Dissociative Identity Disorder
Drug Abuse and Addiction
Schizophrenia
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Defining and Diagnosing
Disorder
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Defining and Diagnosing
Disorder
• Dilemmas of Definition
• Diagnosis: Art or Science?
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Dilemmas of Definition
• Possible Models for Defining Disorders:
– Mental disorder as a violation of cultural standards.
– Mental disorder as maladaptive or harmful behavior.
– Mental disorder as emotional distress.
• Mental Disorder:
– Any behavior or emotional state that causes an
individual great suffering or worry, is self-defeating or
self-destructive, or is maladaptive and disrupts the
person’s relationships or the larger community.
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Diagnostic and Statistical
Manual
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Axis I: Clinical Syndromes
Axis II: Personality Disorders
Axis III: General Medical Conditions
Axis IV: Psychosocial and Environmental
Conditions
• Axis V: Global Assessment of
Functioning Scale
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Concerns About Diagnostic
System
• The danger of
overdiagnosis
• The power of
diagnostic labels
• Confusion of serious
mental disorders with
normal problems
• The illusion of
objectivity
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Projective Tests
• Projective Tests:
– Psychological tests used to infer a person’s
motives, conflicts, and unconscious dynamics
on the basis of the person’s interpretations
of ambiguous stimuli.
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Projective Tests
• Rorschach Inkblot
Test:
– A projective
personality test that
asks respondents to
interpret abstract,
symmetrical inkblots.
A sample inkblot
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Objective Tests
• Inventories:
– Standardized objective questionnaires
requiring written responses; they typically
include scales on which people are asked to
rate themselves.
• Minnesota Multiphasic Personality
Inventory (MMPI):
– A widely used objective personality test.
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Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety Disorders
• Anxiety and Panic
• Fears and Phobias
• Obsessions and Compulsions
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Anxiety and Panic
• Generalized Anxiety Disorder:
– A continuous state of anxiety marked by
feelings of worry and dread, apprehension,
difficulties in concentration, and signs of
motor tension.
• Panic Disorder:
– An anxiety disorder in which a person
experiences recurring panic attacks, feelings
of impending doom or death, accompanied
by physiological symptoms such as rapid
breathing and dizziness.
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Posttraumatic Stress
Disorder
• Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD):
– An anxiety disorder in which a person who
has experienced a traumatic or lifethreatening event has symptoms such as
psychic numbing, reliving the the trauma,
and increased physiological arousal.
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Fears and Phobias
• Phobia: An exaggerated, unrealistic fear
of a specific situation, activity, or object.
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Obsessions and Compulsions
• Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD):
– An anxiety disorder in which a person feels
trapped in repetitive, persistent thoughts
(obsessions) and repetitive, ritualized
behaviors (compulsions) designed to reduce
anxiety.
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Mood Disorders
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Mood Disorders
• Depression and Bipolar Disorder
• Theories of Depression
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Depression
• Major Depression:
– A mood disorder involving disturbances in
• emotion (excessive sadness),
• behavior (loss of interest in one’s usual
activities),
• cognition (thoughts of hopelessness),
• and body function (fatigue and loss of
appetite).
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Symptoms of Depression
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DSM IV Requires 5 of these
within the past 2 weeks
Depressed mood
Reduced interest in almost all activities
Significant weight gain or loss, without dieting
Sleep disturbance (insomnia or too much sleep)
Change in motor activity (too much or too little)
Fatigue or loss of energy
Feelings of worthlessness or guilt
Reduced ability to think or concentrate
Recurrent thoughts of death
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Gender, Age, and Depression
• Women are about
twice as likely as
men to be diagnosed
with depression.
– True around the world
• After age 65, rates of
depression drop
sharply in both
sexes.
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Theories of Depression
• Biological explanations emphasize genetics and
brain chemistry.
• Social explanations emphasize the stressful
circumstances of people’s lives.
• Attachment explanations emphasize problems
with close relationships.
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Theories of Depression
• Cognitive explanations emphasize particular
habits of thinking and ways of interpreting
events.
• “Vulnerability-Stress” explanations draw on all
four explanations described above.
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Bipolar Disorder
• Bipolar Disorder:
– A mood disorder in
which episodes of
depression and
mania (excessive
euphoria) occur.
Mood
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Personality Disorders
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Personality Disorders
• Problem Personalities
• Antisocial Personality Disorder
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Problem Personalities
• Personality Disorder:
– Rigid, maladaptive patterns that cause personal
distress or an inability to get along with others.
• Narcissistic Personality Disorder:
– A disorder characterized by an exaggerated sense of
self-importance and self-absorption.
• Paranoid Personality Disorder:
– A disorder characterized by habitually unreasonable
and excessive suspiciousness and jealousy.
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Antisocial Personality
Disorder
• Antisocial Personality Disorder (APD):
– A disorder characterized by antisocial
behavior such as lying, stealing,
manipulating others, and sometimes
violence; and a lack of guilt, shame and
empathy.
– Sometimes called psychopathy or sociopathy.
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Emotions and Antisocial
Personality Disorder
• People with APD were
slow to develop
classically conditioned
responses to anger, pain,
or shock.
• Such responses indicate
normal anxiety.
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Dissociative Identity Disorder
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Dissociative Disorders
• Dissociative Disorders:
– Conditions in which consciousness or identity
is split or altered.
• Dissociative Identity Disorder:
– A controversial disorder marked by the
appearance within on person of two or more
distinct personalities, each with its own
name and traits; commonly known as
“Multiple Personality Disorder (MPD).”
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Flaws in MPD Diagnosis
• Flaws in Underlying Research
• Pressure and Suggestions by Clinicians
• Influence of the Media
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Drug Abuse and Addiction
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Drug Abuse and Addiction
• Biology and Addiction
• Learning, Culture, and Addiction
• Debating the Causes of Addiction
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Biology and Addiction
• Some people have a biological
vulnerability to addiction.
• This may be due to their metabolism,
biochemistry, or personality traits.
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Biology and Addiction
• Heavy drug abuse also changes the brain in
ways that make addiction more likely
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Learning, Culture, and
Addiction
• Addiction patterns vary according to cultural
practices and the social environment.
• Policies of total abstinence tend to increase
addiction rates rather than reduce them.
• Not all addicts have withdrawal symptoms
when they stop taking a drug.
• Addiction does not depend on the properties of
the drug alone, but also on the reason for
taking it.
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Drugs and Vietnam Veterans
• US Soldiers who tested “drug positive” in
Vietnam showed a dramatic drop in drug
use when they returned to civilian life.
• This contradicts what the biomedical
model of addiction would predict.
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Debating the Causes of
Addiction
• Problems with drugs are more likely when:
– A person has a physiological vulnerability to a drug.
– A person believes she or he has no control over the
drug.
– Laws or customs encourage people to take the drug in
binges, and moderate use is neither tolerated nor
taught.
– A person comes to rely on a drug as a method of
coping with problems, suppressing anger or fear, or
relieving pain.
– Members of a person’s peer group use drugs or drink
heavily, forcing the person to choose between using
drugs or losing friends.
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Schizophrenia
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Schizophrenia
• Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• Theories of Schizophrenia
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Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• Bizarre Delusions
• Hallucinations and Heightened Sensory
Awareness
• Disorganized, Incoherent Speech
• Grossly Disorganized and Inappropriate
Behavior
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Delusions and Hallucinations
• Delusions:
– False beliefs that often accompany
schizophrenia and other psychotic disorders.
• Hallucinations:
– Sensory experiences that occur in the
absence of actual stimulation.
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Positive and Negative
Symptoms
• Positive Symptoms
– Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral
excesses
• Examples of Positive Symptoms
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Hallucinations
Bizarre Delusions
Incoherent Speech
Inappropriate/Disorganized Behaviors
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Positive and Negative
Symptoms
• Negative Symptoms
– Cognitive, emotional, and behavioral deficits
• Examples of Negative Symptoms
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Loss of Motivation
Emotional Flatness
Social Withdrawal
Slowed speech or no speech
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Theories of Schizophrenia
• Genetic predispositions
• Structural brain abnormalities
• Neurotransmitter abnormalities
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Theories of Schizophrenia
• Prenatal abnormalities
• Adolescent abnormalities in brain development
MRI scans show that a
person with
Schizophrenia (left) is
more likely than a
healthy person (right)
to have enlarged
ventricles.
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Genetic Vulnerability to
Schizophrenia
• The risk of developing schizophrenia (i.e.,
prevalence) in one’s lifetime increases as the
genetic relatedness with a diagnosed
schizophrenic increases.
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