Transcript ADHD - MyPortfolio

Attention Deficit Hyperactivity
Disorder (ADHD)
Definition
• Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder; a
disorder characterized by a persistent pattern
of inattention and/or hyperactivity. ADHD is
based on a series of inattention and
hyperactivity symptoms/behaviors outlined in
the Diagnostic & Statistical Manual for Mental
Disorders (DSM-IV).
Symptoms
• Symptoms that cause the impairment must
be:
– Present before age seven
– Present in more than one setting. For instance,
the person may be impaired at home and school
or home and work.
– Interfering with the person's ability to function at
school, home, in social environments, or in work
environments.
Factors in ADHD
• Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder has
two distinct factors:
– Inattention
– Hyperactivity-impulsivity
• Symptoms must be present for at least six
months to a degree that is maladaptive
(counterproductive or highly inappropriate)
and inconsistent with developmental level
before a diagnosis can occur.
Types of ADHD
There are three different types of ADHD,
including:
• Combined ADHD (the most common type),
which involves all of the symptoms.
• Inattentive ADHD (previously known as ADD),
which is marked by impaired attention and
concentration.
• Hyperactive-impulsive ADHD, which is marked
by hyperactivity without inattentiveness.
Inattention & Hyperactivity-impulsivity
• Inattentive students with ADHD are
daydreamers, who are often forgetful and
easily distracted.
• Hyperactive-impulsive students with ADHD
have difficulty sitting still, talk out of turn, are
combative with parents and teachers, and
more likely to develop oppositional and
defiant disorder or conduct disorder in
adolescence.
Inattention Behaviors
• Difficulty paying attention to details and
tendency to make careless mistakes in school.
• Easily distracted by irrelevant stimuli and
frequently attending to trivial noises or events
that are usually ignored by others.
• Not listening to others, even when spoken to
directly.
• Not keeping one's mind on conversations.
Hyperactivity Behaviors
• Fidgeting and/or squirming when seated.
• Getting up frequently to walk or run around.
• Running or climbing excessively when it's
inappropriate.
• Difficulty playing quietly or engaging in quiet
leisure activities.
• Being always on the go.
• Often talking excessively.
Impulsivity Behaviors
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Impatience
Difficulty delaying responses
Difficulty awaiting one's turn
Frequently interrupting
Intruding on others to the point of causing
problems in school, social, or work settings.
ADHD (continued)
• 85% of students with ADHD have a combination of
Inattention and Hyperactivity-impulsivity
(Vaughn, Bos, & Schumm, 2007).
• Students with the combined type of ADHD are
generally more like students with hyperactiveimpulsive ADHD.
IDEA & ADHD
• IDEA does not recognize ADHD as a separate
category of disability. Instead, students with
ADHD may be eligible for special education
and related services through IDEA as “Other
health impairment ” or Section 504.
• “Other health impairment” means having
limited strength, vitality, or alertness,
including a heightened alertness to
environmental stimuli, that results in limited
alertness with respect to the educational
environment.
Other Health Impairment (OHI)
OHI also includes:
• Asthma
• Diabetes
• Epilepsy
• Hemophilia
• Lead poisoning
• Leukemia;
• Sickle cell anemia; and
• Tourette syndrome;
What causes ADHD?
• ADHD tends to run in families (it can be
passed on genetically), other factors such as
low birth weight, prenatal maternal smoking,
or other prenatal problems like head injuries,
particularly an injury to the frontal lobe
(Vaughn et al., 2007).
ADHD & Medication
Genes that control the levels of certain
chemicals in the brain called
neurotransmitters seem to be different in
those with ADHD.
(i) Stimulant medications helps 70-80% of
students with ADHD focus/concentrate.
Ritalin is the most frequently prescribed
stimulant drug for ADHD.
(ii) Antidepressants
Examples of Stimulants
Stimulant drugs to treat ADHD include:
• Adderall
• Concerta
• Cylert
• Dexedrine
• Focalin
• Metadate
• Methylin
Antidepressants
• Antidepressant medications for ADHD are used when
stimulants are not effective, or when anxiety and/or
depression in students with ADHD.
• Clonidine belongs to a class of drugs (central alpha
agonists) that act in the brain by relaxing blood
vessels so blood can flow more easily.
– Clonidine is prescribed off label for ADHD.
– Off-label use is the practice of prescribing pharmaceuticals
for a purpose outside the scope of a drug's approved label.
Strattera is the only non stimulant approved by the FDA to
treat attention deficit hyperactivity disorder.