Transcript Anxiety Disorders

AP Psychology
– Psychological
Disorders
Warm UP:
How does one determine “normal” or
“abnormal” behavior? Discuss with your pair
partner and be prepared to share your
discussion with the class.
Normal vs. Abnormal Behavior
 “Normal”
is relative; depends on
population and culture
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In U.S. only certain foods are eaten with
fingers and it is expected for individuals to
eat at a table with silverware.
In parts of the Middle East, most foods are
eaten with fingers and it is expected for
individuals to eat while sitting on a rug or
mat.
Defining Psychological
Disorders
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Psychological disorders are defined as persistently
harmful thoughts, feelings, and actions.
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Behavior that deviates from the norm
Behavior that is distressful to the individual and/or
others around him/her
Behavior that causes a disruption in daily activities of
the affected individual
The American Psychiatriac Association published
the standardized diagnostic manual  DSM-IV
(Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental
Disorders – 4th edition)
How are Psychological
Disorders Diagnosed?
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Axis I – Is a Clinical Syndrome present?
Axis II – Is a Personality Disorder or Mental
Retardation present?
Axis III - Is a General Medical Condition, such
as diabetes, hypertension, or arthritis, also
present?
Axis IV – Are Psychosocial or Environmental
Problems, such as school or housing issues,
also present?
Axis V – What is the Global Assessment of this
person’s functioning?
Schizophrenia
Personality
Disorders
Mood
Disorders
Anxiety
Disorders
Eating
Disorders
Types of
Disorders
Cognitive
Disorders
ANXIETY DISORDERS
a group of conditions where the
primary symptoms are anxiety or
defenses against anxiety.
the patient fears something
awful will happen to them.
Are anxiety disorders a neurosis or
psychosis.?
WHAT IS ANXIETY?
is a state of
intense
apprehension,
uneasiness,
uncertainty, or
fear.
GENERALIZED ANXIETY DISORDER
An anxiety disorder in which a person
is continuously tense, apprehensive and
in a state of autonomic nervous system
arousal.
The patient is constantly tense and worried,
feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t
concentrate and suffers from insomnia.
PANIC DISORDER
An anxiety disorder marked by a minutes-long episode of
intense dread in which a person experiences terror and
accompanying chest pain, choking and other frightening
sensations.
Can cause secondary disorders, such as
agoraphobia.
PHOBIAS
A person experiences sudden
episodes of intense dread.
THE PHOBIA LIST
LINK
OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER
An anxiety disorder
characterized by unwanted
repetitive thoughts (obsessions)
and/or actions (compulsions).
COMMON EXAMPLES OF OCD
Common Obsessions:
Common Compulsions:
Contamination fears of germs, dirt, etc.
Washing
Imagining having harmed self or others
Repeating
Imagining losing control of aggressive
urges
Checking
Intrusive sexual thoughts or urges
Touching
Excessive religious or moral doubt
Counting
Forbidden thoughts
Ordering/arranging
A need to have things "just so"
Hoarding or saving
A need to tell, ask, confess
Praying
EXPLANATIONS FOR
ANXIETY DISORDERS
You Learn them through
conditioning.
•Evolution
•Genes
•Physiology (the brain)
Mood
Disorders
Mood Disorders
• Psychological Disorders
characterized by
emotional extremes.
• Dysthymic Disorder
• Major Depressive
Disorder
•Seasonal Affective
Disorder
•Bipolar Disorder
Depression
• The common cold of psychological
disorders.
It is like a warning that
something is wrong.
Depression
Depression
Major Depressive Disorder
• A person, for no
apparent reason,
experiences two or
more weeks of
depressive moods.
Includes feelings of
worthlessness and diminished
interest or pleasure in most
activities.
Dysthymic Disorder
• Suffering from
mild depression
every day for at
least two years.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
• Person alternates between the
hopelessness and lethargy of
depression and the overexcited state
of mania.
Famous People with Bipolar
Bipolar Brain
Norepinephrine
Increases arousal and boosts moods.
Suicide
Suicide
Schizophrenia
How Prevalent?
• About 1 in every 100 people are
diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• Disorganized thinking.
•Disturbed Perceptions
•Inappropriate Emotions and
Actions
Disorganized Thinking
• The thinking of a person with
Schizophrenia is fragmented and
bizarre and distorted with false beliefs.
•Disorganized thinking comes from a
breakdown in selective attention.they cannot filter out information.
Often causes………
Delusions (false beliefs)
• Delusions of
Persecution
• Delusions of
Grandeur
Disturbed Perceptions
• hallucinations- sensory experiences
without sensory stimulation.
Inappropriate Emotions and
Actions
• Laugh at
inappropriate times.
• Flat Effect
• Senseless,
compulsive acts.
• Catatoniamotionless Waxy
Flexibility
Positive v. Negative Symptoms
Positive Symptoms
• Presence of
inappropriate
symptoms
Negative Symptoms
• Absence of
appropriate ones.
Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid Schizophrenia
• preoccupation
with delusions
or
hallucinations.
• Somebody is out
to get me!!!!
Disorganized Schizophrenia
• disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or
inappropriate emotion.
Catatonic Schizophrenia
• parrot like repeating of another’s speech
and movements
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
• Many and varied Symptoms.
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
• Disorders in which
conscious
awareness becomes
separated
(dissociated) from
previous memories,
thoughts and
feelings.
Dissociative Amnesia
• This disorder is
characterized by a
blocking out of
critical personal
information, usually
of a traumatic or
stressful nature.
Dissociative Amnesia
• Dissociative amnesia, unlike other types
of amnesia, does NOT result from other
medical trauma (e.g. a blow to the head).
Dissociative Amnesia
• Localized amnesia is present in an individual who has no
memory of specific events that took place, usually
traumatic. The loss of memory is localized with a specific
window of time. For example, a survivor of a car wreck
who has no memory of the experience until two days later
is experiencing localized amnesia.
• Selective amnesia happens when a person can recall
only small parts of events that took place in a defined
period of time. For example, an abuse victim may recall
only some parts of the series of events around the abuse.
• Generalized amnesia is diagnosed when a person's
amnesia encompasses his or her entire life.
• Systematized amnesia is characterized by a loss of
memory for a specific category of information. A person
with this disorder might, for example, be missing all
memories about one specific family member.
Dissociative Fugue
• An individual with dissociative fugue
suddenly and unexpectedly takes
physical leave of his or her surroundings
and sets off on a journey of some kind.
•These journeys can last hours, or even
several days or months.
Dissociative Fugue
• Individuals experiencing a dissociative fugue
have traveled over thousands of miles.
An individual in a fugue state is unaware of or
confused about his identity, and in some
cases will assume a new identity (although
this is the exception).
Depersonalization Disorder
• is marked by a feeling of detachment or
distance from one's own experience,
body, or self.
One can easily relate to feeling as they
in a dream, or being "spaced out."
A person's experience with depersonalization
can be so severe that he or she believes the
external world is unreal or distorted.
Dissociative Identity Disorder
• A rare dissociative disorder in which
a person exhibits two or more
distinct and alternating personalities.
•Also known as multiple personality
disorder.
Personality Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns
that impair social functioning.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Paranoid personality
disorder is
characterized by a
distrust of others
and a constant
suspicion that people
around you have
sinister motives.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• They search for hidden meanings in
everything and read hostile intentions into
the actions of others.
•They are quick to challenge the loyalties of
friends and loved ones and often appear cold
and distant to others. They usually shift
blame to others and tend to carry long
grudges.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• antisocial personality disorder is
characterized by a lack of conscience
•People with this disorder are prone to
criminal behavior, believing that their victims
are weak and deserving of being taken
advantage of. They tend to lie and steal
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• they are careless with money and take
action without thinking about
consequences
They are often aggressive and are much
more concerned with their own needs
than the needs of others.
Borderline Personality Disorder
• characterized by mood instability and
poor self-image
People with this disorder are prone to
constant mood swings and bouts of
anger.
Borderline Personality
Disorder
• they will take their
anger out on
themselves, causing
themselves injury
Suicidal threats and actions
are not uncommon
They are quick to anger when their
expectations are not met.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
• constant attention seekers
They need to be the center of
attention all the time, often
interrupting others in order to
dominate the conversation.
Histrionic Personality
Disorder
• They may dress
provocatively or
exaggerate
illnesses in order
to gain attention.
They also tend to exaggerate friendships
and relationships, believing that everyone
loves them
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• characterized
by selfcenteredness
They exaggerate their achievements,
expecting others to recognize them as
being superior
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
They tend to be
choosy about
picking friends,
since they believe
that not just
anyone is worthy of
being their friend.
They are generally uninterested in the
feelings of others and may take advantage
of them.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
• People with schizoid
personality disorder
avoid relationships
and do not show
much emotion
They genuinely prefer to be alone and do
not secretly wish for popularity.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
• They tend to seek jobs that require
little social contact
Their social skills are often weak and they
do not show a need for attention or
acceptance
They are perceived as humorless and
distant and often are termed "loners."
Schizotypal Personality Disorder
• characterized by a need for social
isolation, odd behavior and thinking, and
often unconventional beliefs such as
being convinced of having extra sensory
abilities.
• Some people believe that schizotypal
personality disorder is a mild form of
schizophrenia.
Avoidant personality disorder
• characterized by a pervasive pattern of
social inhibition, feelings of inadequacy,
and extreme sensitivity to negative
evaluation.
• consider themselves to be socially inept
or personally unappealing, and avoid
social interaction for fear of being
ridiculed or humiliated.
Dependent personality disorder
• characterized by a pervasive
psychological dependence on other
people.
• has difficulty making everyday decisions
without an excessive amount of advice
and reassurance from others
Obsessive Compulsive Personality
Disorder
• characterized by a general psychological
inflexibility, rigid conformity to rules
and procedures, perfectionism, and
excessive orderliness.
• people with OCPD tend to stress
perfectionism above all else, and feel
anxious when they perceive that things
aren't "right".
Sociopath
• Extremely introverted
• Typically fascinated by one or a few things and prefer to
spend their lives focusing on their interests rather than
people
• Many live as hermits; typically harmless to others as they
want to be left alone
• Rarely harm others unless he/she feels as though he/she
was wronged (physically or emotionally)
– May be consumed with the need to seek revenge or
retaliation
– Cover their tracks well; may even taunt authorities by
purposely leaving complex or vague clues
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hsNlLWetTZM
Psychopath
• May be an extrovert
• Master manipulators; see life as a chess game with
people merely as pawns; amused by the results of their
manipulation
• See themselves as in control of others
• No capacity for attachment; lack of empathy for others
• Focused on achieving their goals, not how their
manipulation
• May be a “law abiding citizen” or a serial criminal
• Criminal psychopaths tend to commit crimes of extreme
rage or of a sadistic nature; cover their tracks well
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=eu17Wuq3nI8
Psychological Therapies
Psychotherapy
• An interaction between a trained
therapist and someone suffering from
psychological difficulties.
Eclectic Approach
• The most popular form of therapyit is basically a smorgasbord where
the therapist combines techniques
from different schools of
psychology.
Psychoanalysis
• Freud's therapy.
•Freud used free association, hypnosis
and dream interpretation to gain
insight into the client’s unconscious.
Psychoanalytic Methods
• Psychotherapists use their techniques
to overcome resistance by the client.
•The psychoanalyst wants you to
become aware of the resistance and
together interpret (ex. Latent
content) it’s underlying meaning.
Transference
• In psychoanalysis, the patient’s transfer to the
analyst of emotions linked with other
relationships.
Humanistic Therapy
• Focuses of people’s potential for selffulfillment (self-actualization).
•Focus on the present and future (not the past).
•Focus on conscious thoughts (not
unconscious ones).
•Take responsibility for you actionsinstead of blaming childhood anxieties.
Most widely used Humanistic technique is:
Client (Person) Centered Therapy
• Developed by Carl Rogers
•Therapist should
use genuineness,
acceptance and
empathy to show
unconditional
positive regard
towards their
clients.
Active Listening
• Central to Roger’s client-centered
therapy
•Empathetic listening where the
listener echoes, restates and clarifies.
Behavior Therapies
• Therapy that applies learning
principles to the elimination of
unwanted behaviors.
•The behaviors are the problems- so
we must change the behaviors.
Classical Conditioning Techniques
Counterconditioning:
• A behavioral therapy that conditions
new responses to stimuli that trigger
unwanted behaviors.
Two Types:
Systematic Desensitization
• A type of counterconditioning that
associates a pleasant relaxed state
with gradually increasing anxietytriggering stimuli.
How would I use
systematic
desensitization to reduce
my fear of old women?
Systematic Desensitization
Progressive Relaxation
Exposure Therapy
Flooding
Virtual Technology Exposure Therapy
Aversive Conditioning
• A type of counterconditioning that
associates an unpleasant state with an
unwanted behavior.
How would putting vinegar on the fingernails of a nail
biter effect their behavior?
Aversive Conditioning
Aversive Conditioning
What are some ways you
can change the behaviors
of your friends with
aversive conditioning?
Operant Conditioning
Token Economy: an operant
conditioning procedure that rewards a
desired behavior.
A patient exchanges a token of some sort,
earned for exhibiting the desired behavior,
for various privileges or treats.
Cognitive Therapy
Cognitive Therapies
• A therapy that teaches people
new, more adaptive ways of thinking
and acting; based on the
assumptions that thoughts
intervene between events and our
emotional reactions.
Cognitive Therapy
• Cognitive
Therapists try to
teach people new,
more
constructive ways
of thinking.
Is .300 a good or bad
batting average?
Cognitive Therapy
Aaron Beck and his view of
Depression
• Noticed that
depressed people were
similar in the way they
viewed the world.
• Used cognitive therapy
get people to take off
the “dark sunglasses” in
which they view their
surroundings
Cognitive Therapy- Does It Work?
Group Therapies
You’re the Therapist!
So, in walks a client who has been experiencing
panic attacks over the last 2 years and has finally
decided to come see you to get help. He experience
these attacks whenever he is being introduced to
someone new or when he is about to attend a party
where there will be people that he may not know. He
also mention that he’s had these symptoms also
whenever he’s around reptiles of any sort.
Which therapy(ies) would you employ? Explain your
reasoning?