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Introduction to Psychology Mood Disorders November 28, 2011 Class Agenda Unipolar depression (major depressive episode/disorder) Dysthymic disorder Bipolar disorder Suicide Class Activity For each of the following words, write a sentence that describes an experience you had that is associated with that respective word.... Train House Ice Meeting Road Rain Class Activity For each experience you wrote, rate whether it was pleasant or unpleasant. Tally the number of unpleasant and pleasant experiences. Class Activity How have you felt today? Happy? Sad? The number of pleasant vs. unpleasant experiences you recalled may be related to your mood today. When we are depressed, we remember more unpleasant than pleasant events. Major Depressive Disorder Symptoms At least 2 weeks of depressed mood (feelings of worthlessness or guilt) OR loss of interest in pleasurable activities Significant weight loss or gain (not due to diet) Insomnia/Hypersomnia Restlessness/Sluggishness (psychomotor agitation/retardation) Indecisiveness, lack of concentration Fatigue or loss of energy Thoughts of death or suicide Major Depressive Disorder Point prevalence rate (snapshot) in adults is 4% Lifetime prevalence (number of people who have experienced depression at some point in their life) is ~25% ~80% of people will experience recurrent episode (high estimate) Most frequent comorbid disorder is anxiety (GAD, Panic, PTSD) Major Depressive Disorder Gender Differences Women: Men = 2:1 Possible explanations? Hormones Interpersonal orientation and rumination Traumatic events Comorbid anxiety or substance abuse? Major Depressive Disorder Possible causes: Stress (Diathesis-Stress Model) Genetics Biology Neurotransmitters (Norepinephrine and Serotonin) Cortisol Sleep Brain structures (prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, amygdala) Major Depressive Disorder Irrational beliefs Learned helplessness Cognitive schemas Major Depressive Disorder Seligman’s Learned Helplessness Internal External “It’s because of something about ME” “It’s because of something about the situation” Global Specific “Everything in my life is a failure” “I failed at this, but I can do other things” Stable Unstable “It will always be like this” “Things will get better” Dysthymia Dysthymia Same symptoms but milder form Lasts for 2 or more years Symptoms integrated in person’s normal functioning 20% - 40% people with depression experience dysthymia Dysthymia plus MDD = Double Depression Bipolar Disorder Bipolar Disorder Types: Bipolar I: manic episode OR mixed episode Delusions and hallucinations (psychotic features; associated with incomplete recovery between episodes) Bipolar II: one or more major depressive episodes and at least one hypomanic episode Major depressive episode - ~70% of manic episodes occur immediately before or after manic episode Time between episodes decreases with age Bipolar Disorder Manic phase: Easily distracted Little need for sleep Poor judgment Poor temper control Reckless behavior Very elevated mood Depressed phase: Low mood or sadness Difficulty concentrating Bipolar Disorder Causes Genetics (40% - 70% familial component) Neurotransmitters (norepinephrine and serotonin) Environmental stressors Suicide 2007 - >34,000 suicides in U.S. ~94 suicides per day ~one suicide every 15 minutes 2007 - eleventh leading cause of death Second most common death among college students (American College Health Association) Increased risk with depression and bipolar disorder Gender differences Age differences Racial and Ethnic differences Suicide: Females CDC Suicide: Males CDC Suicide Warning signs (CDC): IS PATH WARM Suicide I: Ideation S: Substance abuse P: Purposelessness A: Anxiety T: Trapped H: Hopelessness W: Withdrawal A: Anger R: Recklessness M: Mood change