Transcript Abnormal Psych

Chapter 9
Mood Disorders
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Symptoms of Depression
Chapter 9
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Cognitive
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Poor concentration, indecisiveness,
poor self-esteem, hopelessness,
suicidal thoughts, delusions
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Physiological and
Behavioral
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Sleep or appetite disturbances,
psychomotor problems, catatonia,
fatigue, loss of memory

Emotional

Sadness, depressed mood,
anhedonia (loss of interest or
pleasure in usual activities),
Copyright
© 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
irritability
Number of
symptoms
Duration
Chapter 9
Major Depression
Dysthymic Disorder
5 or more symptoms
including sadness or
loss of interest or
pleasure
3 or more symptoms
including depressed
mood
At least 2 weeks in
duration
At least 2 years in
duration
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Subtypes of Depression
Depression with Melancholic Features
Depression with Psychotic Features
Depression with Catatonic Features
Depression with Atypical Features
Depression with Postpartum Onset
Depression with Seasonal Patterns
Chapter 9
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Prevalence and Prognosis
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Chapter 9
Among adults, 15-to-24-year olds are most likely
to have had a major depressive episode in the past
month.
Depression is less common among children than
among adults.
Depression may be most likely to leave
psychological and social scars if it occurs initially
during childhood, rather than during adulthood.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Biological Theories of Mood Disorders
• Genetic Theory
Disordered genes predispose people to depression
or bipolar disorder
• Neurotransmitter Theories
Dysregulation of neurotransmitters and their receptors
• Neurophysiological Abnormalities
Altered brain-wave activities affect mood
• Neuroendocrine Abnormalities
Chronic hyperactivity in the hypothalamic-pituitaryadrenal axis and slow return to baseline after stressor,
affect the functioning of neurotransmitters.
Chapter 9
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Biological Theories
Genetic Theory
Disordered genes predispose people
to depression or bipolar disorder
Neurophysiological
abnormalities
Altered brain-wave activities
affect mood
Chapter 9
Neurotransmitter
theories
Dysregulation of neurotransmitters
and their receptors
Neuroendocrine
abnormalities
Chronic hyperactivity in the
hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis
and slow return to baseline after
stressor affect the functioning of
neurotransmitters.
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Percent with bipolar disorder
Risk of Bipolar Disorder
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
MZ twins
Chapter 9
DZ twins
Sibs, parents,
children
Biological
parents of BP
adoptees
Seconddegree
relatives
General
population
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychological Theories of Mood
Disorders

Behavioral Theories
Lewinsohn’s theory
Learned helplessness theory
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Cognitive Theories
Aaron Beck’s theory
Reformulated learned helplessness theory
Ruminative response styles theory
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Psychodynamic Theory

Interpersonal Theories
Chapter 9
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Integrative Theory of Depression
C
B
Disruption of
“scripted” or
automatic behavior
patterns and/or
immediate emotional
response
A
Antecedents:
depression
evoking events
Chapter 9
Reduced rate of
positive
reinforcement and/or
elevated rate of
aversive experience
D
Increased selfawareness (state):
focus on oneself selfcriticism negative
expectancies
E
Increased
dysphoria/
depression
G
Predisposing
characteristics:
vulnerabilities
immunities
F
Consequences:
behavioral cognitive
emotional somatic
interpersonal
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Biological Treatments for Mood
Disorders
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Chapter 9
Medication
Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT)
Repetitive transcranial magnetic stimulation
Vagus nerve stimulation
Light therapy
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.
Psychological Treatments for
Depression

Behavioral Therapy
–

Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy
–
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Increase positive reinforcers and decrease aversive events by
teaching the person new skills for managing interpersonal situations
and the environment
Challenge distorted thinking and help the person learn more adaptive
ways of thinking and new behavioral skills
Psychodynamic Therapy
–
Chapter 9
Help the person gain insight to unconscious hostility and fears of
abandonment to facilitate change in self-concept and behaviors
Copyright © 2007 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.