Transcript Disorders PP

G543
Phobias
Some thinking questions:
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Why is it called a TV set when there's only one?
How can you hear yourself think?
If you had x-ray vision, but closed your eyes, could you still
see?
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If love is blind, why is lingerie so popular?
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When cheese gets its picture taken, what does it say?
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Why isn’t the number 11 pronounced onety one?
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If 4 out of 5 people suffer from diarrhea does that mean
the fifth one enjoys it?
2 minutes, as many studies that are
high in:
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Generalisability
Reliability
Validity
Ecological Validity
Disorders
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Anxiety Disorders (Phobia)
Affective Disorders (Depression)
A Psychotic Disorder (Schizophrenia)
Anxiety disorder
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is defined as ‘A disorder
characterised by excessive anxiety’
Continuous feeling of fear
Affects daily/everyday life
Triggered by threats that may not
really be there (small spiders)
Anxiety disorders
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Panic disorder
Post-traumatic stress
Anxiety disorder
Phobias
Phobia is defined as:
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‘An anxiety disorder characterised by
extreme and irrational fear of simple
things or social situations’
Anxiety disorder characteristics:
Phobia
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Consistent or persistent fear of a
particular object or situation.
The stimulus provokes an immediate
response
The response makes a person feel
stressed, upset, fearful, panic, out of
control.
This leads to physical reactions
(increase heart rate/breathing).
Anxiety disorder characteristics:
Phobia
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They understand this behaviour is
irrational.
The response outweighs the true
consequences.
Can you list some examples?
Diagnosis of a phobia
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Phobia = Disturbance in everyday life
(fear and phobia are separate things)
Can you list examples of phobias and
how they may effect everyday life?
Affective Disorders:
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Describe what has ever made you feel
really down or low.
How did this make you feel?
Imagine those feelings for 6 months or a
year.
Affective disorders are defined as
‘conditions in which feelings of sadness or
elation are excessive and not realistic,
given the person's life conditions’
Affective Disorders:
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A persons mood stops them from
leading a normal life
Depression
Bi-Polar
Affective disorders are also known as
mood disorders (due to the
consistent change in mood).
Affective Disorders Characteristics:
Depression
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List the characteristics of depression
Is defined as ‘A mental state
characterized by a pessimistic sense
of inadequacy and a despondent lack
of activity’
Psychotic Disorders
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What would you class as a psychotic
disorder?
What are the symptoms?
Where have you seen this type of
behaviour before? (films, tv, etc)
Defined as ‘Psychosis (from the
Greek "psyche", for mind or soul,
and-osis", for abnormal condition)
literally means abnormal condition’
Psychotic Disorders
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Psychosis = The general term for
disorders involving a loss of contact
with reality
Confusion with what really is reality
Delusional, disorganised speech,
disorganised behaviour
Links to cannabis and schizophrenia
Psychotic Disorders
Characteristics: Schizophrenia
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Classed as positive and negative
symptoms
Positive symptoms, delusions,
hearing voices, thought disorder
Negative symptoms (loss/absence),
loosing emotional response,
motivation, behaviour.
Anxiety disorder characteristics:
Phobia
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Explain what the explanations are of
a phobia
Ohman et al
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Phobias are linked to the Amygadala
(limbic system) in the brain
Types of phobia and biological
predispositions to them
List phobias that may be biological
and those that may be learned?
Ohman et al
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Laboratory experiment
Participants saw pictures of snakes
(threatening), faces or houses (nonthreatening)
Wanted to test if it was easier to
condition a phobia of snakes than
faces or houses
Ohman et al
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When participants saw a picture they
were electrically shocked (small
current)
This induced fear
This fear was measured by skin
conductance
All had a similar baseline skin
conductance score to the electric
shock
Ohman et al
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Findings suggested that the skin
conductance scores were higher
when participants saw the snakes
Biological predisposition of fear?
After a while this was also tried
without an electric shock
Similar results were seen.
Treatment of a phobia
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How do we treat a phobia?
Leibowitz
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The drug phenelzine can reduce the
symptoms of social phobia
Used as a last result due to the side
effects of the drug
Leibowitz
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A controlled experiment
Patients allocated to one of three
conditions
Treated for eight weeks
80 patients meeting the DSM criteria
for social phobia
Leibowitz
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Randomly allocated to four groups
Group 1; Phenelzine
Group 2; Matching placebo
Group 3; Atenolol (similar to beta
blockers)
Group 4; Matching placebo
Leibowitz
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Pre-test assessments and post test
assessments using Anxiety and social
phobia scales (Liebowitz Social
Anxiety Scale Test )
Phenezline groups showed
improvements against placebo
Overall improvement against atenolol
Atenolo and placebo, no significant
differences
Mind map both studies