Transcript Abnormal Behavior

Slide 1
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Abnormal Behavior
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 2
Abnormal Behavior
Abnormal Behavior
• Definition
– Actions, thoughts, and feelings harmful to a
person or others; experiencing discomfort
enough to not function
– Continuity hypothesis
• Insanity and mental illness terms should not
be used
– Discontinuity hypothesis
• Only strong terms can accurately portray
true nature of abnormal behavior
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Abnormal Behavior
Historical Views
• Supernatural theories
– Resulted in more harmful treatments like
exorcism, drinking foul concoctions, witches
put to death (mostly women)
• Biological theories
– Ancient Greece: four humors of body
– 1800s: bacteria, syphilis, and penicillin
– Made effective drug therapies possible
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 4
Abnormal Behavior
Historical Views
• Psychological theories
– Pythagoras: psychological factors like stress
caused problems
– Freud revived the theory; able to compete with
supernatural and biological approaches
• Model of unconscious conflicts
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Abnormal Behavior
Contemporary Views
• The DSM-IV
– American Psychiatric Association’s manual
– Multi-axial system of classifications
• Axis I: Clinical disorders
• Axis II: Personality disorders and mental
retardation
• Axis III: General medical conditions
• Axis IV: Psychosocial and environmental
problems
• Axis V: Global assessment of functioning
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 6
Abnormal Behavior
The Problem of Stigma
• Abnormal behavior stigmatized – negative
perceptions associated with it (frightening,
uncomfortable, or viewed as dangerous)
– Can make mental health problems worse
– Can prevent afflicted persons from seeking
treatment
– Why stigmatize? Unwillingness to let others see
one’s flaws and weaknesses?
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 7
Abnormal Behavior
Concept of Insanity
• Not guilty by reason of insanity
– Hinckley trial in 1982
– Insane: at time of conduct, person had disease
or defect, lacked substantial capacity to know
act was wrong or broke a law
• Competence to stand trial
– Insanity: cannot understand trial proceedings
• Involuntary commitment
– Person poses danger to self or others
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Abnormal Behavior
Disorders
• Anxiety Disorders
– Excessive levels of kinds of negative emotions
– Uncomfortable and disruptive levels of anxiety
– Affects women more than men
• Phobias
– Intense, unrealistic or irrational fear
– Specific phobia (least disruptive), social
phobia, agoraphobia (most impairing)
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Abnormal Behavior
Disorders
• Generalized anxiety disorder
– Free-floating anxiety (usually relatively mild)
– No periods of calm experienced
– Vague, uneasy sense of tension
• Panic anxiety disorder
– Intensely uncomfortable attacks of anxiety
– Extremely sensitive to small bodily changes
– Attack causes exaggerated bodily reactions
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Heart Rate
24
22
20
18
16
14
Sweating (GSR)
mhos
20
18
16
14
12
10
8
6
Muscle tension (EMG)
30
V
20
10
0
1
2
3
4
Minutes
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5
6
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Changes
in three
measures of
sympathetic
autonomic
arousal
when
subject
experienced
panic attack
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Abnormal Behavior
Disorders
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
– Affects soldiers from Vietnam, Operation
Desert Storm, and Iraqi wars; also Nazi death
camp and prison camp survivors)
– Suffering severe reactions years after traumatic
event (some recover, some get worse over time)
– Experiences include:
• Dreams with horror
• Intense emotional bodily reactions
• Difficulty concentrating or sleeping
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Abnormal Behavior
Stressors Causing PTSD
• Combat-related events
• Sudden death of loved one
• Involved in or witnessing accidents
• Physical assault, rape, sexual molestation
experienced by women
• Terrorism experiences
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Abnormal Behavior
Who Develops PTSD?
• Four factors involved
•
– Severity of stress
• Risk increased when physical injury occurs
– Person’s characteristics before event
• Affects those with higher anxiety levels, lower
intelligence, previous mental health problems
– Social support
• More support lessens risk
– Sex of the victim
• Women more at risk
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Abnormal Behavior
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorders
• Definitions
– Obsessions – continuous anxiety-provoking
thoughts
– Compulsions – irresistible urges to engage in
behaviors
– Two separate disorders; often found together in
same person
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Abnormal Behavior
Somatoform Disorders
– Experiencing symptoms of physical health
problems with psychological causes
• Four types
– Somatization disorders – intensely and
chronically uncomfortable conditions
– Hypochondriasis – preoccupation with health
– Conversion disorders – symptoms not
medically possible
– Somatoform pain disorders – primary
symptom is pain with no physical cause
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Abnormal Behavior
Dissociative Disorders
• Broad category of loosely related conditions
• Four kinds
– Depersonalization – distorted, unreal feelings
– Dissociative amnesia – psychological cause
– Dissociative fugue – complete loss of memory
– Dissociative identity disorder – once known
as multiple personality disorder; very
controversial issue
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Abnormal Behavior
Mood Disorders
• Two forms
– Depression
• Major depression - episodic disorder, quite
common, often mild but takes its toll
– Rare to have psychotic distortion of reality
• Bipolar disorder (depression and mania)
• Caused by high levels of anxiety; genetic
influences
• Cognitive factors – negative views of self
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Abnormal Behavior
Mood Disorders
• Two forms
– Depression
• Major depression - episodic disorder, quite
common, often mild but takes its toll
– Rare to have psychotic distortion of reality
• Caused by high levels of anxiety; genetic
influences
• Cognitive factors – negative views of self
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Probability of developing major depression
for the first time in a given year
.025
Females
Males
.020
.015
.010
.005
.000
0
7
17
27
37
47
Years
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
57
67
77
87
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Abnormal Behavior
Human Diversity
• Ethnic and gender differences in
depression and suicide
– Women more at risk for depression
– Depressed persons more at risk for suicide
– American Indians have highest rate of suicide
– African Americans have lowest rate and
Hispanic groups have second lowest rate
(rates vary among Hispanic subgroups)
– White women have highest rate of females
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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African American
Non-Hispanic white
Asian/Pacific Islanders
American Indian
% deaths due to suicide
3
2.5
2
1.5
1
0.5
0
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Percent of
deaths due to
suicide among
different raceethnic groups
in the U.S.
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Abnormal Behavior
Bipolar Disorder
• Alternating irregular periods of severe
depression and mania
– Mania – mood disturbance in which person
experiences a high, intense euphoria
• High self-esteem, unrealistic optimism
• Psychotic distortion during episodes;
damaging or extreme behavior
• Occurs in multiple episodes; cause unknown
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 23
Abnormal Behavior
Schizophrenia
• Uncommon disorder affecting more men
than women
– Can appear gradually or with sudden break
– Characterized by 3 types of serious problems
• Delusions and hallucinations
• Disorganized thinking, emotions, behavior
• Reduced enjoyment and interests
– Causes: genetic and environment
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Abnormal Behavior
Schizophrenia
• Subtypes
– Paranoid schizophrenia
• False beliefs, delusions (grandeur, paranoia,
persecution), hallucinations
– Disorganized schizophrenia
• Delusions, hallucinations, cognitive
processes highly disorganized or fragmented
• Extreme social withdrawal
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Abnormal Behavior
Schizophrenia
• Subtypes
– Catatonic schizophrenia
• May have delusions and hallucinations; most
abnormalities in social interaction, body
posture and movement (waxy flexibility in
stupors)
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Abnormal Behavior
Delusional Disorder
• Characterized by paranoid delusions of
grandeur and persecution
– Dangerous because of believability of delusions
– Reverand Jim Jones and Jonestown deaths
– David Koresh and Waco (TX) deaths
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Abnormal Behavior
Attention Deficit/
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Inattention symptoms
–
–
–
–
–
–
Cannot focus
Fails to see details
Careless mistakes
Highly distractible
Incomplete tasks
Often loses items
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– Does not listen
– Dislikes/avoids
focused tasks
– Often forgetful
– Disorganized
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Abnormal Behavior
Attention Deficit/
Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD)
• Hyperactivity-impulsivity
– Often fidgets or squirms
when seated
– Often leaves seat when
should remain seated
– Runs/climbs excessively
– Difficulty engaging in
play/leisure quietly
– Often interrupts/intrudes
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– Often on-the-go;
driven like a motor
– Talks excessively
– Blurts out answers
before question is
finished
– Can’t wait for turn
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Abnormal Behavior
Personality Disorders
• Schizoid personality disorder
– Blunted emotions, social withdrawal, but no
serious cognitive disturbances
• Antisocial personality disorder
– Feel little guilt, exploit others, frequent violation
of social rules and laws
– Difficulty with personal relationships
– Low tolerance for frustration, lie easily/skillfully
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
Slide 30
Abnormal Behavior
Other Personality Disorders
Schizotypal personality disorder
Paranoid personality disorder
Histrionic personality disorder
Narcissistic personality disorder
Borderline personality disorder
Avoidant personality disorder
Dependent personality disorder
Obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved
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Abnormal Behavior
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The End
© 2007 The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All Rights Reserved