Transcript Psychology 2 Final Exam Review PPT

PSYCHOLOGY 2
Final exam topic review
WHAT IS A STRESSOR?
• A stressor is any external stimulus that causes stress
and/or triggers a stress response to a living
organism.
WHAT IS EUSTRESS?
• Eustress is any external stimulus that be positive
and/or motivational in nature.
CONFLICT SITUATION: APPROACH-APPROACH
• This type of conflict situation provides two equally
appealing outcomes.
CONFLICT SITUATION: APPROACH-AVOIDANCE
• This type of conflict situation provides two
competing outcomes, one that is appealing and one
that is unappealing.
CONFLICT SITUATION: AVOIDANCE-AVOIDANCE
• This type of conflict situation provides two equally
unappealing outcomes.
CONFLICT SITUATION: DOUBLE APPROACH-AVOIDANCE
• This type of conflict situation provides two sets
competing outcomes, one set that is appealing and
one set that is unappealing.
WHAT IS CONSIDERED NORMAL?
• Normal is considered to be what most people do in
a specific context.
WHAT IS ABNORMAL?
• Abnormal behavior is considered to be one’s failure
to adjust to norms in a given context.
WHAT IS THE DSM AND WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE?
• The DSM V is the most current edition of the
Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of the American
Psychological Association. The manual contains an
extensive list of definitions for psychological
disorders with their known symptoms to help
mental health professionals identify and treat these
disorders.
WHAT IS A TYPE A PERSONALITY?
• The Type A individual as ambitious, rigidly organized, highly statusconscious, sensitive, truthful, impatient, always try to help others,
take on more than they can handle, want other people to get to
the point, proactive, and obsessed with time management. People
with Type A personalities are often high-achieving "workaholics"
who multi-task, push themselves with deadlines, and hate both
delays and ambivalence.
What is a Type B personality?
• The Type B personality by definition generally live at a lower stress level and
typically work steadily, enjoying achievement but not becoming stressed
when they do not achieve. When faced with competition, they do not mind
losing and either enjoy the game or back down. They may be creative and
enjoy exploring ideas and concepts. They are often reflective, thinking about
the outer and inner worlds.
WHAT ARE HASSLES AND HOW CAN THEY AFFECT
MENTAL HEALTH?
• This category includes daily annoyances and minor hassles.
Examples include: making decisions, meeting deadlines at work or
school, traffic jams, encounters with irritating personalities, etc.
Often, this type of stressor includes conflicts with other people.
Daily stressors, however, are different for each individual, as not
everyone perceives a certain event as stressful. For example, most
people find public speaking to be stressful, nevertheless, a
seasoned politician most likely will not.
TYPES OF STRESS REACTIONS: EMOTIONAL
Stress may leave people with a short fuse. When people are
under pressure, they may find themselves arguing with coworkers, friends or loved ones — sometimes with little
provocation or about things that have nothing to do with their
stressful situation.
(Crying) Stress may trigger crying jags, sometimes seemingly
without warning. Little things unrelated to stress may leave
people in tears. People also may feel lonely or isolated.
TYPES OF STRESS REACTIONS: PHYSICAL
• Stress can lead to unexplained physical pain. Stress also
may cause a variety of other health ailments, including
upset stomach, shortness of breath, back pain, headaches
and insomnia.
TYPES OF STRESS REACTIONS: BEHAVIORAL
Stress may trigger people to eat even when they're not hungry, or
they may skip exercise. In contrast, they may eat less, actually losing
weight when under more stress.
Even if someone quit smoking long ago, a cigarette may seem like an
easy way to relax when they're under pressure. In fact, stress is a
leading cause of having a smoking relapse. People may also find
themselves turning to alcohol or drugs to numb the effects of stress.
TYPES OF STRESS REACTIONS: COGNITIVE
• When people don't cope well with stress, a person
may automatically expect the worst or magnify the
negative aspects of any undesirable situation.
WHAT IS DISSOCIATIVE FUGUE?
• Fugue is a rare psychiatric disorder characterized by reversible
amnesia for personal identity, including the memories, personality,
and other identifying characteristics of individuality. The state is
usually short-lived (ranging from hours to days), but can last
months or longer. Dissociative fugue usually involves unplanned
travel or wandering, and is sometimes accompanied by the
establishment of a new identity.
WHAT IS DISSOCIATIVE AMNESIA?
• A memory disorder characterized by sudden retrograde
autobiographical memory loss, said to occur for a period
of time ranging from hours to years. More recently,
"dissociative amnesia" has been defined as a dissociative
disorder "characterized by retrospectively reported
memory gaps. These gaps involve an inability to recall
personal information, usually of a traumatic or stressful
nature."
WHAT IS CONVERSION DISORDER?
• A conversion disorder causes patients to suffer from
neurological symptoms, such as numbness, blindness,
paralysis, or fits without a definable biological cause. It is
thought that symptoms arise in response to stressful
situations affecting a patient's mental health.
WHAT IS SEASONAL AFFECTIVE DISORDER?
• Seasonal affective disorder (SAD), also known as winter
depression, winter blues, summer depression, summer blues, or
seasonal depression, was considered a mood disorder in which
people who have normal mental health throughout most of the
year experience depressive symptoms in the winter or summer.
WHAT IS OCD (OBSESSIVE COMPULSIVE DISORDER?
• Obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) is an anxiety disorder characterized by
intrusive thoughts that produce uneasiness, apprehension, fear, or worry; by
repetitive behaviors aimed at reducing the associated anxiety; or by a
combination of such obsessions and compulsions. Symptoms of the disorder
include excessive washing or cleaning; repeated checking; extreme hoarding;
preoccupation with sexual, violent or religious thoughts; relationship-related
obsessions; aversion to particular numbers; and nervous rituals, such as
opening and closing a door a certain number of times before entering or
leaving a room. These symptoms can be alienating and time-consuming, and
often cause severe emotional and financial distress. The acts of those who
have OCD may appear paranoid and potentially psychotic. However, OCD
sufferers generally recognize their obsessions and compulsions as irrational
and may become further distressed by this realization.
WHAT IS PTSD (POST TRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER)?
• Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) is a debilitating
mental disorder that follows experiencing or witnessing an
extremely traumatic, tragic, or terrifying event. People
with PTSD usually have persistent frightening thoughts
and memories of their ordeal and feel emotionally numb,
especially with people they were once close to.
WHAT IS SCHIZOPHRENIA?
• Schizophrenia is characterized by a broad range of unusual behaviors that
cause profound disruption in the lives of people suffering from the condition,
as well as in the lives of the people around them. One of the most obvious
kinds of impairment caused by schizophrenia involves how a person thinks.
The individual can lose much of the ability to rationally evaluate his or her
surroundings and interactions with others. They often believe things that are
untrue, and may have difficulty accepting what they see as "true" reality.
Schizophrenia most often includes hallucinations and/or delusions, which
reflect distortions in the perception and interpretation of reality. The resulting
behaviors may seem bizarre to the casual observer, even though they may be
consistent with the schizophrenic's abnormal perceptions and beliefs.
WHAT ARE SOME KNOWN CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA?
Scientists have long known that schizophrenia runs in families. The illness occurs
in 1 percent of the general population, but it occurs in 10 percent of people who
have a first-degree relative with the disorder, such as a parent, brother, or sister.
Other recent studies suggest that schizophrenia may result in part when a
certain gene that is key to making important brain chemicals malfunctions.
Many environmental factors may be involved, such as exposure to viruses or
malnutrition before birth, problems during birth, and other not yet known
psychosocial factors.
WHAT IS THE DEFINITION OF CRIMINALLY INSANE
BEHAVIOR?
• The insanity defense is used by criminal defendants. The most
common variation is cognitive insanity. Under the test for cognitive
insanity, a defendant must have been so impaired by a mental
disease or defect at the time of the act that he or she did not know
the nature or quality of the act, or, if the defendant did know the
nature or quality of the act, he or she did not know that the act
was wrong.
WHAT ARE THE KNOWN TYPES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA?
There are three known causes of schizophrenia:
• Biochemical imbalances
• Traumatic social interactions
• Family inheritance
WHAT IS AUTONOMY AND HOW CAN IT AFFECT
YOUNG ADULTS?
• Autonomy is the concept that a person has control and power over
his/her life and can make decisions independent of
parents/guardians. Because young people have had a lifetime of
support from parents/guardians newly realized autonomy and
adult responsibilities can cause unanticipated stress.
WHAT IS ADJUSTMENT?
• Adjustment is the process of altering behavior to
match the needs of a situation in order to have
success.
WHAT IS THE PSYCHOLOGICAL HEALTH APPROACH TO
UNDERSTANDING PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS?
WHAT IS A PHOBIA?
• A phobia is an intense, irrational fear that interrupts
healthy life functions.
WHAT IS CONVERSION?
• Conversion is a physical disorder such as blindness
and paralysis that is caused by a stressful or
traumatic experience.
WHAT IS HYPOCHONDRIASIS?
• Hypochondriasis, also known as hypochondria, is a
dissociative disorder effecting one’s exaggerated
beliefs about illness that contradicts clear medical
evidence of good health.
WHAT IS A DELUSION?
• A delusion is a belief held with strong conviction
despite superior evidence to the contrary such as a
person who is 5’2” believing she is the tallest
person in the world.
WHO WAS DOROTHEA DIX AND HOW DID SHE HELP
THE MENTALLY ILL?
• Dorothea Dix was a devoutly religious Christian
woman from Massachusetts who worked to reform
the care of mentally ill inmates that according to
her were mistreated in prisons. Her work lead to
the creation of mental health institutions
throughout the United States.
WHAT IS PSYCHOTHERAPY AND WHAT IS ITS PRIMARY
GOAL?
• Psychotherapy is therapeutic interaction or treatment contracted between a
trained professional and a client, patient, family, couple, or group. Simply,
Psychotherapy is a general term for treating mental health problems by
talking with a psychiatrist, psychologist or other mental health provider.
During psychotherapy, one hopes to learn about their condition and moods,
feelings, thoughts and behaviors, how to take control of one's life and
respond to challenging situations with healthy coping skills. The problems
addressed are psychological in nature and can vary in terms of their causes,
influences, triggers, and potential resolutions. Accurate assessment of these
and other variables depends on the practitioner's capability and can change
or evolve as the practitioner acquires experience, knowledge, and insight.
WHAT ARE SOME IMPORTANT TRAITS OF EFFECTIVE
PSYCHOTHERAPISTS?
Many psychological professionals believe that there
are three characteristics found in effective therapists:
• Psychological health
• Empathy
• Experience
WHAT IS PSYCHOANALYSIS?
• Psychoanalysis is a type of therapy aimed at making
patients aware of their unconscious motives so they
can gain control over their behavior.
HOW DOES COGNITIVE THERAPY WORK?
• Cognitive therapy works by using thoughts to
control emotions and behaviors.
HOW DOES BEHAVIOR THERAPY WORK?
• Behavior therapy works by changing undesirable
behavior through conditioning techniques.
WHAT ARE THE SPECIFIC TYPES OF DRUG THERAPIES?
There are four main types of drug therapies:
• Antipsychotic drugs-these block the activity of dopamine and acts as a tranquilizer to reduce
agitation, hallucinations and delusions.
• Antidepressant drugs-these normalize the flow of brain chemicals called neurotransmitters
thereby relieving signs of depression.
• Lithium-a natural element that controls the level of norepinephrine which controls the level
of mood swings some people experience.
• Antianxiety drugs-these depress the central nervous system and relieve anxiety disorders.
WHAT ARE BIOLOGICAL TREATMENTS FOR
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS?
There are three specific types of biological
treatments for psychological disorders:
• Drug therapy
• ECT (electroconvulsive therapy)
• Psychosurgery
WHAT ARE KNOWN REASONS PEOPLE SELECT
FRIENDS?
• It is believed that close personal contact is
associated with satisfaction of basic needs.
WHAT IS KNOWN ABOUT SOME PARENT-ADOLESCENT
CONFLICTS?
• Divorce, single-parent families and generational
identities are all associated with parent-adolescent
conflicts.
WHAT IS A SELF-SERVING BIAS?
• A self-serving bias is tendency to claim success as
result of one’s own effort and blame failure due to
circumstances beyond one’s control.
WHAT ARE SOME HEALTHY ADJUSTMENTS TO
MARRIAGE MADE BY PEOPLE?
• There seems to be several adjustments healthy
marriages make such as whether partners’
individual needs are met, whether the couple's
needs are compatible, and whether the couple's
images of themselves coincide with their images of
each other.