Transcript ABCT 2010 - University of Vermont

The Association of Parental Depressive Symptoms with Child Internalizing
Problems: The Role of Parental Guilt Induction
Aaron Rakow, Rex Forehand, Laura G. McKee and Lorinda Roberts
The University of Vermont
Jennifer E. Champion, Kelly Haker, Emily Hardcastle, Jennifer Potts and Bruce E. Compas
Vanderbilt University
Objective
Parent Guilt Induction
Analyses
4
Introduction
• Parenting behaviors focused on psychological control are related to
internalizing problems (Barber & Harmon, 2002).
•Within the construct of psychological control, the sub-component of parental
guilt induction, when used with high frequency and/or intensity, has been
associated with internalizing problems in children (Donatelli, Bybee, & Buka,
2007; Rakow et al., 2009).
•This association is particularly relevant within the context of parental
depression because depressed parents may lack the adaptive parenting skills to
effectively manage the behavior of their children (Lovejoy et al., 2000).
Sample
102 families with 129 children (66 males; Mage = 11.42 years) were studied. At
least 1 parent within each family had a history of depression during the lifetime
of the child. All children ages 9-15 were eligible to participate.
Measures
• The SCID-I (First, Spitzer, Gibbon, & Williams, 2002) was used to screen
parents for a history of MDD during the target child’s lifetime.
• The k-SADS-PL (Kaufman et al., 1997) was used to screen children for
presence or absence of psychopathology.
•The Beck Depression Inventory, 2nd edition (BDI-II; Beck, Steer, & Brown,
1996), was used to assess current levels of parental depressive symptoms.
•Because multiple children from the same family were included in the data
analyses, a two-level Linear Mixed Models Analysis (LMM) in SPSS was used.
•Linear Mixed Models Analysis estimates the parameters of the model on two
levels:
•Level 1 represents observations at the individual level including child
internalizing problems and parental guilt induction.
•Level 2 denotes clusters of units within the dataset, such as parental
depressive symptoms, that maintain a constant relationship across all children
within the same family.
Results
•Higher levels of parental depressive symptoms were related to higher levels of
parental guilt induction ( = .14, p < .05).
•Higher levels of parental guilt induction were associated with more child
internalizing problems ( = .46, p < .01).
•Higher levels of parental depressive symptoms were associated with more child
internalizing problems ( = .13, p < .05).
•Parental depressive symptoms, considered in the context of control variables and
parental guilt induction, were no longer significantly associated with child
internalizing problems ( = .06, p = .18).
3
Internalizing Problems
To examine the role of parental guilt induction in the association between
parent depressive symptoms and child internalizing problems in a sample of
parents with a history of major depressive disorder.
2
1
High MGI
Low MGI
0
-1
-2
-3
•Explication of the interaction revealed that high levels of parental
guilt induction exacerbated the relation between parental depressive
symptoms and child internalizing problems (see Figure 2). The
combination of high levels of both guilt induction and parental
depressive symptoms was associated with the highest level of
internalizing problems.
References
Barber, B. K., & Harmon, E. L. (2002). Violating the self: Parental psychological control
of children and adolescents. In B. K. Barber (Ed.), Intrusive parenting. How psychological
control affects children and adolescents (pp. 15-52). Washington, DC: American
Psychological Association.
Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Brown, G. K. (1996). Beck Depression Inventory—Second
Edition Manual. San Antonio: The Psychological Corporation.
Donatelli, J. L., Bybee, J. A., & Buka, S. L. (2007). What do mothers make adolescents
feel guilty about? Incidents, reactions, and relation to depression. Journal of Child and
Family Studies, 16, 859-875.
First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (2002). Structured Clinical
Interview for DSM-IV-TR Axis I Disorders, Research Version, Patient Edition (SCID-I).
New York: Biometrics Research, New York State Psychiatric Institute.
Kaufman, J., Birmaher, B., Brent, D., Rao, U., Flynn, C., Moreci, P., et al. (1997) Schedule
for affective disorders and schizophrenia for school-age children-present and lifetime
version (K-SADS-PL): Initial reliability and validity data. Journal of the American
Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 36, 980-988.
Lovejoy, M. C., Graczyk, P. A., O’Hare, E., & Neuman, G. (2000). Maternal depression
and parenting behavior: A meta-analytic review. Clinical Psychology Review, 20, 561-592.
•The Maladaptive Guilt Inventory (MGI) (Donatelli et al., 2007) is a 22-item
child-completed questionnaire that assesses parental guilt induction.
Melby, J. N., & Conger, R. D. (2001). The Iowa Family Interaction Rating Scales:
Instrument summary. In P. K., Kerig & K. M. Lindahl (Eds.), Family observational coding
systems: Resources for systemic research (pp. 33-58). Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum
Associates Publishers.
•Observations of parental guilt induction were assessed by the Iowa Family
Interaction Rating Scale (IFIRS; Melby & Conger, 2001).
Rakow, A., Forehand, R., McKee, L., Coffelt, N., Champion, J., Fear, J., & Compas, B. E.
(2009). The relation of parental guilt induction to child internalizing problems when a
caregiver has a history of depression. Journal of Child and Family Studies, 18, 367-377.