Transcript collins Mental Disorders - Doral Academy Preparatory

Psychological Disorders
An Introduction
Stolen from www.appsychology.com
What is a Psychological Disorder?
• A “harmful dysfunction” in which behavior
is judged to be atypical, disturbing,
maladaptive and unjustifiable.
All this depends on:
•Culture
Is playing video games 5 hours per
day a disorder?
•Time Period
•Environmental Conditions
•Individual Person
Early Theories
• Afflicted people
were
possessed by
evil spirits.
Early Theories
• Music or singing was
often used to chase
away spirits.
•In some cases
trephening was
used:
Cutting a hole in
the head to let out
evil spirit.
Trephening
Early Theories
• Another theory was to make the body
extremely uncomfortable.
History of Mental Disorders
• In the 1800’s,
disturbed people
were no longer
thought of as
madmen, but as
mentally ill.
They were first put in hospitals.
Did this mean better treatment?
Early Mental Hospitals
• They were nothing more than barbaric
prisons.
•The patients were chained
and locked away.
•Some hospitals even charged admission
for the public to see the “crazies”, just like
a zoo.
Philippe Pinel
• French doctor - first
to say these people
aren’t mad – they
are sick.
Pinel ordering chains taken off
At women’s asylum in France
Explaining Mental Disorders?
• Medical Perspective: psychological
disorders are sicknesses and can be
diagnosed, treated and cured.
Current Perspectives
• Bio-Psycho-Social Perspective:
assumes biological, psychological and
sociocultural factors combine to interact
causing psychological disorders.
Used to be called Diathesis-Stress Model:
diathesis meaning predisposition and stress
meaning environment.
Classifying Psychological Disorders
• What is the DSMIV? Diagnostic
Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders:
the book to classify
mental disorders
Two Major Classifications:
Two Major Classifications in the
DSM
Neurotic Disorders
• Distressing but one can
still function in society
and act rationally.
Psychotic Disorders
• Person loses contact
with reality,
experiences distorted
perceptions.
John Wayne Gacy
What is a delusion?
A delusion is a false belief.
Ex: Obama is trying to kill
my dog.
Ex: I’m going to UM even
though my GPA is .75
Ex: She’ll be back; she
loves me (When she
doesn’t)
What is a hallucination?
• Hearing things; seeing
things (that aren’t
there)
• People with
schizophrenia, psychotic
depression, and drug
induced states have
these.
Personality Disorders
Psychological disorders characterized by
inflexible and enduring behavior patterns
that impair social functioning.
Personality Disorders
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
•
Paranoid
Antisocial
Borderline
Histrionic
Narscisstic
Schizoid
Avoidant
dependent
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• Paranoid personality
disorder is
characterized by a
distrust of others
and a constant
suspicion that people
around you have
sinister motives.
Everyone is out to get
you.
Paranoid Personality Disorder
• They search for hidden meanings in
everything and read hostile intentions into
the actions of others.
•They are quick to challenge the loyalties of
friends and loved ones and often appear cold
and distant to others. They usually shift
blame to others and tend to carry long
grudges.
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• antisocial personality disorder is
characterized by a lack of conscience
•People with this disorder are prone to
criminal behavior, believing that their victims
are weak and deserving of being taken
advantage of. They tend to lie and steal
Antisocial Personality Disorder
• they are careless with money and take
action without thinking about
consequences
They are often aggressive and are much
more concerned with their own needs
than the needs of others.
• Antisocial does NOT mean introverted!!!
Antisocial behavior
Borderline Personality Disorder
• characterized by mood instability and
poor self-image
“I hate you. Get away! . . . Why did you
leave me asshole?!”
Borderline Personality
Disorder
• they will take their
anger out on
themselves, causing
themselves injury
Suicidal threats and actions
are not uncommon
They are quick to anger when their
expectations are not met.
Histrionic Personality Disorder
• constant attention seekers
They need to be the center of
attention all the time, often
interrupting others in order to
dominate the conversation.
Histrionic Personality
Disorder
• They may dress
provocatively or
exaggerate
illnesses in order
to gain attention.
They also tend to exaggerate friendships
and relationships, believing that everyone
loves them
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
• characterized
by selfcenteredness
They exaggerate their achievements,
expecting others to recognize them as
being superior
Narcissistic Personality Disorder
They tend to be
choosy about
picking friends,
since they believe
that not just
anyone is worthy of
being their friend.
They are generally uninterested in the
feelings of others and may take advantage
of them.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
• People with schizoid
personality disorder
avoid relationships
and do not show
much emotion
They genuinely prefer to be alone and do
not secretly wish for popularity.
Schizoid Personality Disorder
They tend to seek jobs
that require little
social contact
Their social skills are
often weak and they do
not show a need for
attention or acceptance
Often are termed
"loners."
Avoidant personality disorder
characterized by a
pervasive pattern of
social inhibition,
feelings of inadequacy,
and extreme sensitivity
to negative evaluation.
consider themselves to
be socially inept or
personally unappealing,
and avoid social
interaction for fear of
being ridiculed or
humiliated.
Remember!
• Schizoid – prefers to be alone
• Avoidant – would rather have friends but
has a social phobia
Dependent personality disorder
• characterized by a pervasive
psychological dependence on other
people.
• has difficulty making everyday decisions
without an excessive amount of advice
and reassurance from others
Obsessive –Compulsive
Personality Disorder
• Overly concerned
with certain
thoughts and
performing certain
behaviors.
• OCPD makes you
annoying.
• OCD makes you
dysfunctional
OCPD behavior
• 4. Psychotic disorders frequently involve
perceptions of nonexistent sensory
stimulation, such as voices. Symptoms such
as these are called
• a. delusions
• b. paraphilias
• c. hallucinations
• d. paranormal images
• e. psychic phenomena
DSM stands for
a. diagnostic schedule of medicine
b. diagnostic and statistical manual
c. depressive scale modalities
d. doctor of surgical medicine
• Bob has never met Madonna but he is
convinced that she is deeply in love with
him. Bob is suffering from
• a. grandiose delusions
• b. jealous delusions
• c. obsessive-compulsive disorder
• d. erotomatic delusions
Retreat from reality by hallucinations and
delusions and by social withdrawal typically
characterizes ______ disorders
a. somatoform b. anxiety
c. psychotic
d. personality
Discomfort in social situations, fear of
evaluation and timidity are characteristic of
what personality disorder?
• a. histrionic b. obsessive-compulsive
• c. schizoid
d. avoidant
• Sensory experiences that occur in the
absence of a stimulus are called
• a. illusions b. hallucinations
• c. delusions d. affect episodes
What are Mood Disorders?
• Dysthymic Disorder
• Major Depressive
Disorder
•Seasonal Affective
Disorder
•Bipolar Disorder
Depression
Depression
Major Depressive Disorder
• A person, for no
apparent reason,
experiences two or
more weeks of
depressive moods.
Includes feelings of
worthlessness and diminished
interest or pleasure in most
activities.
Dysthymic Disorder
• Suffering from
mild depression
every day for at
least two years.
Seasonal Affective Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
• Person alternates between the
hopelessness and lethargy of
depression and the overexcited state
of mania.
Famous People with Bipolar
Bipolar Brain
Serotonin
Norepinephrine
Increases arousal and boosts moods.
Suicide
Suicide
Eating disorders
• Anorexia – starving yourself
• Bulimia – binging and purging
•
Both deal with poor self image and
•
possibly body dysmorphic disorder
Anxiety Disorders
a group of conditions where the
primary symptoms are anxiety or
defenses against anxiety.
the patient fears something
awful will happen to them.
Are anxiety disorders a neurosis or
psychosis.?
Anxiety disorders?
•
•
•
•
GAD – generalized anxiety disorder
Panic disorder –
Phobias
OCD – obsessive compulsive disorder
What is anxiety?
• is a state of
intense
apprehension,
uneasiness,
uncertainty, or
fear.
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• An anxiety disorder in which a person
is continuously tense, apprehensive and
in a state of autonomic nervous system
arousal.
The patient is constantly tense and worried,
feels inadequate, is oversensitive, can’t
concentrate and suffers from insomnia.
Panic Disorder
• An anxiety disorder marked by a
minutes-long episode of intense dread in
which a person experiences terror and
accompanying chest pain, choking and
other frightening sensations.
• Chest pains, hyperventilating
Can cause secondary disorders, such as
agoraphobia.
Phobias
• A person experiences sudden
episodes of intense dread.
Common phobias
• Agoraphobia – fear of leaving house and
open spaces
• Arachnophobia – fear of spiders
• Claustrophobia – fear of closed in spaces
• Acrophobia – fear of heights
• Social phobias
• Pteromerhanophobia – fear of flying
Obsessive Compulsive Disorder
• An anxiety disorder characterized
by unwanted repetitive thoughts
(obsessions) and/or actions
(compulsions).
Common Examples of OCD
Common Obsessions:
Common Compulsions:
Contamination fears of germs, dirt, etc.
Washing
Imagining having harmed self or others
Repeating
Imagining losing control of aggressive
urges
Checking
Intrusive sexual thoughts or urges
Touching
Excessive religious or moral doubt
Counting
Forbidden thoughts
Ordering/arranging
A need to have things "just so"
Hoarding or saving
A need to tell, ask, confess
Praying
Explanations for Anxiety
Disorders
• You Learn them through
conditioning.
•Evolution
•Genes
•Physiology (the brain)
• 5. Intense artificial light is most
successfully used as therapy for
• a. disorganized (hebephrenic)
schizophrenia
• b. seasonal affective disorder
• c. bipolar disorder
• d. panic disorder
• 4. Persistent repetitive thoughts that
cannot be controlled are known as
• a. compulsions
• b. obsessions
• c. phobias
• d. delusions
• e. sublimations
• Along with _________, abnormalities in
neural circuits that use __________ have
recently been implicated in panic and
obsessive-compulsive disorders.
• a. dopamine; androgen
• b. acetylcholine; cortisol
• c. GABA; serotonin
• d. endorphins; epinephrine
• e. glutamate; thyroxine
Dissociative Disorders
What are dissociative
disorders?
DID – dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative amnesia (like Freud’s repression)
Dissociative fugue
Think of the word “associate.”
Dissociative is like not associating yourself
with yourself.
What are dissociative disorders?
• Dissociative fuge
• Dissociative amnesia
• Dissociative identity disorder
Dissociative Disorders
• Disorders in which
conscious
awareness becomes
separated
(dissociated) from
previous memories,
thoughts and
feelings.
Dissociative Amnesia
• This disorder is
characterized by a
blocking out of
critical personal
information, usually
of a traumatic or
stressful nature.
Dissociative Amnesia
• Dissociative amnesia, unlike other types
of amnesia, does NOT result from other
medical trauma (e.g. a blow to the head).
Dissociative Amnesia
• Localized amnesia is present in an individual who has no
memory of specific events that took place, usually
traumatic. The loss of memory is localized with a specific
window of time. For example, a survivor of a car wreck
who has no memory of the experience until two days later
is experiencing localized amnesia.
• Selective amnesia happens when a person can recall
only small parts of events that took place in a defined
period of time. For example, an abuse victim may recall
only some parts of the series of events around the abuse.
• Generalized amnesia is diagnosed when a person's
amnesia encompasses his or her entire life.
• Systematized amnesia is characterized by a loss of
memory for a specific category of information. A person
with this disorder might, for example, be missing all
memories about one specific family member.
Dissociative Fugue
• An individual with dissociative fugue
suddenly and unexpectedly takes
physical leave of his or her surroundings
and sets off on a journey of some kind.
•These journeys can last hours, or even
several days or months.
Dissociative Fugue
• Individuals experiencing a dissociative fugue
have traveled over thousands of miles.
An individual in a fugue state is unaware of or
confused about his identity, and in some
cases will assume a new identity (although
this is the exception).
Dissociative Identity Disorder
• A rare dissociative disorder in which
a person exhibits two or more
distinct and alternating personalities.
•was known as multiple personality
disorder.
Somatoform disorders
• Soma = body
• Physical illnesses caused by the mind
• ex: conversion disorder – significant loss
of bodily function with no physical cause
•
Ex: hysterical blindness – blindness after
traumatic event (no physical cause)
• Hysterical pregnancy –
• Hypochondriasis –
• 2. A conversion disorder is most closely
associated with which more general type of
disorder?
• a. dissociative
• b. adjustment
• c. somatoform
• d. factitious
• e. mood
• 7. A man who experiences sudden
blindness on witnessing the death of his
wife is probably suffering from
• a. type of paraphilia
• b. psychosis
• c. multiple personality disorder
• d. panic disorder
• e. conversion disorder
• 6. Phobic and panic disturbances are
examples of which of the following kinds of
disorder?
• a. Personality
• b. Somatoform
• c. Schizophrenic
• d. Dissociative
• e. Anxiety
Schizophrenia
How Prevalent?
• About 1 in every 100 people are
diagnosed with schizophrenia.
Symptoms of Schizophrenia
• Disorganized thinking.
•Disturbed Perceptions
•Inappropriate Emotions and
Actions
Disorganized Thinking
• The thinking of a person with
Schizophrenia is fragmented and
bizarre and distorted with false beliefs.
•Disorganized thinking comes from a
breakdown in selective attention.they cannot filter out information.
Often causes………
Delusions (false beliefs)
• Delusions of
Persecution
• Delusions of
Grandeur
Disturbed Perceptions
• hallucinations- sensory experiences
without sensory stimulation.
Inappropriate Emotions and
Actions
• Laugh at
inappropriate times.
• Flat Effect (no
emotion)
• Senseless, compulsive
acts.
• Catatonia- motionless
Waxy Flexibility
Positive v. Negative Symptoms
Positive Symptoms
• Presence of
inappropriate
symptoms
Negative Symptoms
• Absence of
appropriate ones.
Types of Schizophrenia
Paranoid Schizophrenia
• preoccupation
with delusions
or
hallucinations.
• Somebody is out
to get me!!!!
Disorganized Schizophrenia
disorganized speech or behavior, or flat or
inappropriate emotion.
Flat effect – no emotion
Catatonic Schizophrenia
• parrot like repeating of another’s speech
and movements
Undifferentiated Schizophrenia
• Many and varied Symptoms.
• 1 A person who seeks therapy form a clinical
psychologist because she is tense, has difficulty
sitting still, and is continually worried about the
future is suffering from a/an
____________________ disorder.
•
•
•
•
•
A) anxiety
B) panic
C) obsessive-compulsive
D) somatoform
• 2 A college student seeks help from the
counseling center because he is
experiencing frequent episodes during
which he becomes very fearful, or even
terrified, often for no apparent reason. A
likely diagnosis for this student's problem is
___________.
• A) phobic
• B) dysthymic
• C) panic
• D) conversion
• 3 A person who has developed such an
intense fear of insects that she rarely
leaves her apartment has developed a
_______________ disorder.
• A) panic
• B) post-traumatic stress
• C) bipolar
• D) phobic
• 4. A student visits the student health
service several times each week
complaining of severe stomach pain, but
no physical cause of his symptoms can be
found. The student is experiencing a
__________ disorder.
• A) panic
• B) bipolar
• C) somatoform
• D) dissociative
• 5. A young man found wandering the streets of
his hometown claimed that he did not know his
name or where he lived. He was taken to a
hospital for examination, but no physical injuries
were found. After several days in the hospital, he
awoke and remembered that he had had an
argument with his parents that included threats
of physical violence on both sides. In order to
escape this stressful situation, the young man
developed ____________________.
•
•
•
•
A) dissociative amnesia
B) learned helplessness
C) agoraphobia
D) catatonic schiziophrenia
• 6 A middle-aged woman did not return
from a shopping trip one day and was not
found until the police located her in
another city three months later. Formerly a
restaurant owner, she was working as a
server in a restaurant and had just been
promoted to a supervisory role. She had
rented an apartment and was engaged to
be married. This behavior is an example of
____________________.
• A) paranoid schizophrenia
• B) post-traumatic stress disorder
• C) dissociative fugue
• D) bipolar disorder
• 7. A psychologist who spends most of his
time treating people suffering from
depression and bipolar disorders focuses
on ____________________.
• A) phobic disorders
• B) somatoform disorders
• C) dissociative disorders
• D) mood disorders
• 8 A college student seen by a counseling
psychologist stated that he had cut almost
all his classes during the past two weeks,
had experienced difficulty sleeping, and
felt like his academic situation was
hopeless. The psychologist's diagnosis
would be _____________________.
• A) dissociative disorder
• B) major depressive disorder
• C) undifferentiated schizophrenia
• D) bipolar disorder
• 9. After being depressed for two years following
her divorce, a middle-aged woman makes an
appointment with a clinical psychologist. She
tells the psychologist that in addition to her
mood, she lost weight and has never felt happy
for more than a week during this time. The
psychologist's diagnosis would be
____________________,
• A) bipolar disorder
• B) major depressive disorder
• C) paranoid schizophrenia
• D) dysthymic disorder
• 10. For the past two weeks, a realtor has been
so depressed that she can barely make the effort
to show houses to prospective buyers. However,
this period of depression was preceded by a
similar period when her energy and enthusiasm
enabled her to sell several houses. She is
consulting a clinical psychologist because this is
a recurring behavior pattern. The psychologist's
diagnosis will be ______________________.
• A) major depressive disorder
• B) hypochondriasis
• C) bipolar disorder
• D) panic disorder
• 11. Because of his age, a man in late middle
age has been unable to find a permanent job
since being laid off by his employer three years
ago. During this time, he has had to sell many of
his possessions and has been unable to provide
the medical care his wife requires. He is referred
to a clinical psychologist because he is apathetic
and tells people that he can do nothing about his
situation. This behavior is an example of
____________________.
• A) learned helplessness
• B) post-traumatic stress disorder
• C) catatonic schizophrenia
• D) antisocial personality disorder
• 12. A psychologist who bases his
diagnosis of a man's mental disorder
primarily on the presence of hallucinations
and delusions is making a diagnosis of
____________________.
• A) phobic disorder
• B) mood disorder
• C) dysthymia
• D) schizophrenia
• 13. A man believes that his escape from a house
destroyed by a tornado was a message that he
has a special mission in life to advise the
president about religious matters. He has been
referred to a clinical psychologist because he
believes that people opposed to his views are
attempting to kill him in order to keep him from
expressing them. The psychologist diagnosis
would be ________________ schizophrenia.
• A) catatonic
• B) disorganized
• C) paranoid
• D) undifferentiated
• 14. A clinical psychologist is treating a man
whose behavior includes hallucinations,
delusions, and incoherent speech and
mannerisms. However, the man's behavior
does not clearly fit a particular type of
schizophrenia. The man's behavior is an
example of _______________
schizophrenia.
• A) catatonic
• B) disorganized
• C) paranoid
• D) undifferentiated
• 15. A clinical psychologist explains his
diagnosis of paranoid schizophrenia to a
client's family by stating that the client had
a genetic predisposition to develop the
disorder and that the stress of losing her
job was probably the precipitating event.
The psychologist's explanation is based on
_______________.
• A) the diathesis-stress view
• B) learned helplessness
• C) an insanity defense
• D) DSM-IV
• 8. Bernice says “I am the ruler of Xylomek
and have come to your planet to marry my
long time lover, who has been
communicating to me through television
waves,” Bernice is most likely
• a. engaging in word salad
• b. delusional
• c. hallucinating
• d. exhibiting multiple personalities