Transcript DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS

altered identities
DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
• involves a break (or dissociation) in
consciousness, memory or identity
• when driving, we sometimes go on “automatic
pilot”
• people with the disorder have more
pronounced, involuntary dissociation
dissociative disorders
dissociative amnesia
dissociative fugue
dissociative identity disorder
TYPES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
dissociative
AMNESIA
• individual cannot remember personal
information (own name or personal events)
• unlike retrograde amnesia, the cause is more
psychological than physical
dissociative amnesia:
who am I?
• loss of memory is associated with traumatic
experiences or emotionally stressful
circumstances
• memories usually resurface either quickly or
sometimes after a longer period of time
dissociative amnesia:
who am I?
dissociative
FUGUE
• from Latin fugere meaning ‘flight’
• occurs when someone leaves familiar
surroundings (flight) and afterwards cannot
remember the trip or personal information
• confusion in identity surfaces, sometimes
even taking new identities in the new places
• common during times of war and disasters
dissociative fugue:
who am I and how did I get here?
EDWARD LIGHTHART AKA JON DOE
dissociative fugue:
who am I and how did I get here?
dissociative
IDENTITY DISORDER
• formerly known as multiple personality
disorder
• person experiences two or more distinct
personalities in one body
dissociative identity disorder:
how many am I?
• became widely popular because of books and
movies
• turned out to be a fad disorder in the late 20th
century
• diagnoses of DID experienced scrutiny with
many professionals doubting the validity of
these
dissociative identity disorder:
how many am I?
SHIRLEY ARDELL MASON, “SYBIL”
dissociative identity disorder:
how many am I?
psychodynamic
cognitive & behavioral
biological
CAUSES OF DISSOCIATIVE DISORDERS
• repressed thoughts and behavior is a primary
defense mechanism and reduces emotional
pain
• forgetting about particular things is motivated
by the repression of emotional pain
psychodynamic
• trauma-related thought avoidance is
negatively reinforced by reduction in anxiety
and emotional pain
• “not thinking about” these things also brings
repression of emotional pain
• positive reinforcement also comes into play;
more attention, better
cognitive & behavioral
• support for brain activity differences in body
awareness
• depersonalization disorder – mild DID where
people feel detached from themselves, their
bodies and their surroundings
• lower brain activities in areas responsible for
sense of awareness
biological
altered realities
SCHIZOPHRENIA
• from schizo meaning division, phren meaning
within the brain
• term literally means ‘split mind’; often
confused with DID
• severe disorder in which the person suffers
from disordered thinking, bizarre behavior,
hallucinations
• people with the disorder are unable to
distinguish reality from fantasy
schizophrenia
delusions
disturbed or disorganized thoughts
hallucinations
mood changes
disorganized or odd behavior
SYMPTOMS OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• beliefs about the world that the person holds
true
• often unshakeable even in the presence of
evidence to disprove the claims
delusions
• persecution – others are trying to hurt them in
some way
• reference – other people, television
characters, and even books are talking to
them specifically
delusions
• influence – controlled by external forces, such
as the devil, aliens or cosmic forces
• grandeur – they are powerful people who can
save the world or are on a special mission
delusions
• they hear voices or see things or people which
are not really around
• can occur in any sensory modality but
auditory hallucinations are most common
hallucinations
• often lacking structure or relevance
• displayed through disorganized speech
• repeated words, making up words, and
stringing words with basic sounds
• “come into house, louse, mouse, mouse and
cheese, please, sneeze”
disturbed or disorganized thoughts
• flat affect – displaying little or no emotion at
all
• may display excessive and/or inappropriate
emotion
mood changes
• periods of immobility
• odd gesturing and facial grimaces
disorganized or odd behavior
disorganized
catatonic
paranoid
CATEGORIES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
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very confused in speech
frequent and vivid hallucinations
inappropriate affect (emotion) or flat affect
giggling, silliness, nonsensical speech and
neglect of cleanliness
disorganized
• less common
• disturbed motor behavior
• there are only two “speeds”, either totally on
or totally off
• either doesn’t move at all or moves wildly in
great agitation
catatonic
• suffer from hallucinations and delusions
• auditory hallucinations are common
• delusions are typically persecution and
grandeur
paranoid
positive & negative symptoms
genetics / biological
stress-vulnerability model
CAUSES OF SCHIZOPHRENIA
• positive – excess in behavior
• hallucinations, delusions, distorted thinking
• dopamine-reducing drugs are used to treat
patients with positive symptoms
positive & negative symptoms
• negative – less than normal behavior
• absence of normal behavior
• poor attention, flat affect, poor speech,
apathy and withdrawal from others
• outlook for recovery is not good as compared
to those with positive symptoms
positive & negative symptoms
• genetic origins
• inflammation in the brain and other brain
structural defects
• chemical influences
• 7 or 8 out of every 1000 individuals will
develop schizophrenia, regardless of culture
genetics / biological
• twin and adoption studies provided strong
evidence that genes are major means of
transmitting schizophrenia
• the kin with the highest risk of developing the
disorder if one has a blood relative with the
disorder is identical twins – 48%-50% risk
• fraternal twins – 17% risk
genetics / biological
genetics / biological
• environment still has an impact on the
development of schizophrenia
• stress-vulnerability model assumes that
people with the genetic “markers” of
schizophrenia will not develop the disorder
unless exposed to environmental triggers
stress-vulnerability model
NATHANIEL AYERS: THE SOLOIST
schizophrenia
I’m okay, it’s everyone else who’s weird
PERSONALITY DISORDERS
• disorders where a person adopts a persistent,
rigid, and maladaptive pattern of behavior
that interferes with normal social interactions
• not only affects one aspect of a person’s life,
but instead affects the entire life adjustment
of the person
personality disorders
• paranoid – extreme suspicion of others
• schizoid – loners who are cold, distant and
unwilling to form close relationships with
others
• schizotypical – difficulty in forming social
relationships, tendency to hold magic beliefs,
more likely to develop schizophrenia later on
ODD OR ECCENTRIC
personality disorders
• antisocial – lacking conscience/morals
• borderline – moody, unstable, lacking clear
sense of identity, clingy
• histrionic – tendency to overreact and use
emotions to draw attention from others;
manipulative; loves to be the center of
attention
• narcissistic – extremely vain and self-involved
DRAMATIC OR ERRATIC
personality disorders
• avoidant – fearful of social relationships,
avoids social interaction unless absolutely
necessary
• dependent – needy, wants others to make
decisions for them
• obsessive-compulsive – controlling, focused on
neatness and order to an extreme degree
ANXIOUS OR FEARFUL
personality disorders
• disorder of those literally against society
• sociopaths / serial killers
• habitually breaks the laws, disobeys rules, tells
lies
• no conscience
antisocial personality disorder
• they tend to be very selfish, self-centered,
manipulative and unable to feel deep emotion
• not all with this disorder are killers
• nearly three to six times as many males
diagnosed as females
antisocial personality disorder
• relationships with other people are intense
and relatively unstable
• moody, manipulative, untrusting
• may engage in excessive spending, drug abuse
• may also be suicidal which they use in
manipulating their social relationships
borderline personality disorder
• frequency of this disorder in women is two to
three times greater than in men
• genetic, hormonal and childhood influences
have been suggested to cause this disorder
borderline personality disorder
cognitive-behavioral
genetics
stress and disturbances
CAUSES OF PERSONALITY DISORDERS
• reinforcement, shaping and modelling can be
reasons why personality disorders are
developed over time
• the belief systems constructed by the people
with the disorder is also another explanation
cognitive-behavioral
• close relatives with similar disorders is also a
factor in the development
• children (age 3) with lower fearfulness and
inhibitions were more likely to show antisocial
tendencies in the future
• antisocial people are unresponsive to stressful
and threatening situations, that is why they
are not afraid of getting caught
genetics
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childhood abuse,
neglect,
overly strict parenting
and parental rejection are possible causes of
personality disorders
stress and disturbances in relationships