Transcript Dissociative Disorders

PowerPoint
Presentations for
Seventh Edition
Philip G. Zimbardo
Robert L. Johnson
Vivian McCann
Prepared by
Beth M. Schwartz
Randolph College
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display,
including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any
rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Chapter 12
Psychological Disorders
This multimedia product and its contents are protected under copyright law. The following are prohibited by law: any public performance or display,
including transmission of any image over a network; preparation of any derivative work, including the extraction, in whole or part, of any images; any
rental, lease, or lending of the program.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
What Is Psychological
Disorder?
Three classic signs suggest severe psychological
disorder:
• Hallucinations
• Delusions
• Affective disturbances
Part of a continuum ranging from absence of
disorder to severe disorder
Disorders are a exaggeration of normal
responses
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
The Spectrum of
Mental Disorder
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
What Is Psychological
Disorder?
The medical model views
psychological disorders as
diseases, while the psychological
view sees them as an interaction
of biological, behavioral,
cognitive, and social-cultural
factors.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Changing Concepts of
Psychological Disorder:
Historical Roots
Ancient World
• Supernatural powers
• Possession by demons and spirits
400 B.C.
• Physical causes
• Hippocrates: imbalance of humors
Middle Ages
• Medieval church
• Demons and witchcraft
Eighteenth Century
• Mental disorders are diseases of the mind.
• Similar to other physical diseases
• Objective causes requiring specific treatments
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Changing Concepts of Psychological
Disorder: The Psychological Model
Behavioral Perspective
• Abnormal behaviors can be acquired
through behavioral learning; environmental
conditions
Cognitive Perspective
• Abnormal behaviors are influenced by
mental processes: thoughts, feelings,
perceptions, and memory
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Changing Concepts of Psychological
Disorder: The Psychological Model
Social-Learning Theory
• Combines these two perspectives
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
The Biopsychology of
Mental Disorder
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Indicators of Abnormality
Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Unpredictability
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Indicators of Abnormality
Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Does the individual
show unusual or
prolonged levels of
unease or anxiety?
Unpredictability
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Indicators of Abnormality
Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Does the person
regularly act in ways
that make others fearful
or that interfere with his
or her well-being?
Unpredictability
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Indicators of Abnormality
Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Does the person act or
talk in ways that are
irrational or
incomprehensible to
others?
Unpredictability
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Indicators of Abnormality
Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Unpredictability
Does the individual
behave erratically and
inconsistently at
different times or from
one situation to
another? Is the
individual experiencing
a loss of control?
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Indicators of Abnormality
Distress
Maladaptiveness
Irrationality
Unpredictability
Does the person
behave in ways that
are statistically rare
and violate social
norms?
Unconventionality
and undesirable
behavior
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
How are Psychological
Disorders Classified in the DSM-IV?
The DSM-IV, the most
widely used system for
classifying mental disorders,
organizes psychological
disorders by their mental and
behavioral symptoms.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Overview of DSM-IV
Classification System
DSM-IV (1994)
• Fourth edition of the Diagnostic and
Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders
• Includes 300+ disorders
• Gives practitioners a common language
• symptoms, syndromes, diagnoses, diseases
• No definition of “normal”
• Five-dimensional diagnosis: The Multiaxial
System
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
The Multiaxial Syndrome:
Diagnosis Example
• Axis I
The primary diagnosis
Major depressive disorder
• Axis II
Long-standing problems
Narcissistic personality disorder
• Axis III
Relevant medical problems
Chronic lumbar pain, hypothyroidism
• Axis IV
Social or environmental issues
Recently divorced, unemployed
• Axis V
Overall assessment
(1=severe impairment to 100=absence of symptoms)
GAF = 65
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Mood Disorders
Abnormal disturbance in emotion or mood,
including bipolar disorder and unipolar
disorder; also called affective disorders
Major Depression
• Form of depression that does not alternate with mania
• Accounts for majority of mental hospital admissions
• Most prevalent form of disability around the world
Seasonal Affective Disorder (SAD)
• Believed to be caused by deprivation of sunlight
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Mood Disorders
Bipolar Disorder
• A mental abnormality involving swings of
mood from mania to depression
Mania
• excessive elation or manic excitement
Depression
• sadness or despair
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Anxiety Disorders
Generalized Anxiety Disorder
• Persistent and pervasive feelings of anxiety,
without any known external cause
Panic Disorder
• Marked by panic attacks that have no
obvious connection to events in a person’s
present experience
Agoraphobia
• Fear of public places/open spaces
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Anxiety Disorders
Phobia or Phobic Disorder
• Disorder involving a pathological fear of a
specific object or situation
Cause: Preparedness Hypothesis
• The notion that we have an innate tendency
to respond quickly and automatically to
stimuli that posed a survival threat to our
ancestors
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Phobias
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Phobias
Copyright © Allyn and Bacon 2009
Anxiety Disorders
Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder
• Patterns of persistent, unwanted thoughts
and behaviors
• obsession: thoughts, images, impulses that
reoccur
• compulsions: repetitive, purposeful acts
• Genetic link: tendency to run in families
• Learning component
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Somatoform Disorders
Psychological problems appearing in the form
of bodily symptoms or physical complaints
Conversion Disorder
• Paralysis, weakness, or loss of sensation, but
with no discernible physical cause
Hypochondriasis
• Excessive concern about health and disease;
also called hypochondria
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative Disorders
• Group of pathologies involving
“fragmentation” of the personality
Dissociative
Amnesia
Dissociative
Fugue
Depersonalization
Disorder
Dissociative
Identity Disorder
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Psychologically
induced loss of
memory for personal
information
Depersonalization
Disorder
Dissociative
Identity Disorder
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization
Disorder
Dissociative amnesia
with the addition of
“flight” from one’s
home, family, and job
Dissociative
Identity Disorder
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization
Disorder
Dissociative
Identity Disorder
Abnormality involving
the sensation that
mind and body have
separated
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Dissociative Disorders
Dissociative
Amnesia
Dissociative Fugue
Depersonalization
Disorder
Dissociative
Identity Disorder
Condition in which
the individual
displays multiple
identities
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Schizophrenic Disorders
Schizophrenia
•
•
•
•
•
•
Severe psychopathology
Personality disintegrates
Emotional life is disrupted
Cognitive processes distorted
More common in men than women
First appearance: typically before age
twenty-five for men; between twenty-five
and forty-five for women
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Features
incoherent speech,
hallucinations,
delusions, and
bizarre behavior
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Involves remaining
motionless or
extreme excitement
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Prominent feature:
combination of
delusions and
hallucinations
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Persons displaying a
combination of
symptoms that do not
clearly fit in one of the
other categories
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Major Types of Schizophrenia
Disorganized
Catatonic
Paranoid
Undifferentiated
Residual Type
Individuals who have
had a past episode of
schizophrenia but are
free of major symptoms
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Criteria for a Diagnosis of
Schizophrenia
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Possible Causes of Schizophrenia
Fundamentally a brain disorder
Biological Factors
• Genetic factors place the individual at risk,
but environmental stress factors transform
this potential into an actual schizophrenic
disorder
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
MRI Scans of Twins: One with and
One without Schizophrenia
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Figure 12.7 Genetic Risk of Developing Schizophrenia
The graph shows average risks for developing schizophrenia in persons with a relative that has schizophrenia.
Data were compiled from family and twin studies conducted in European populations between 1920 and 1987;
the degree of risk correlates highly with the degree of genetic relatedness.
Source: Figure 10 from p. 96 of Gottesman, I. (1991). Schizophrenia Genesis: The Origins of Madness. New York,
NY: W. H. Freeman/Times Books/Henry Holt & Co. Copyright © 1991. Reprinted by permission of W. H. Freeman
and Company/Worth Publishers.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Developmental Disorders
Can appear at any age, but often first seen in
childhood
Autism
• Marked by impoverished ability to “read” other
people, use language, or interact socially
Dyslexia
• A reading disability, thought by some experts
to involve a brain disorder
Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder
• Disability involving short attention span,
distractibility, and extreme difficulty in
maintaining inactive for any period
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Personality Disorders
Chronic patterns of poor judgment, disordered
thinking, emotional disturbances, disrupted
social relationships, or lack of impulse control
Narcissistic
• exaggerated sense of self-importance, need for
constant attention or admiration, or preoccupation
with fantasies of success or power
Antisocial
• lack of conscience or a sense of responsibility to
others
Borderline
• instability and impulsivity; unpredictable moods
and stormy personal relationships, little tolerance
for frustration
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Adjustment Disorders and Other
Conditions that May Be a Focus
of Clinical Attention
Mild Depression
Physical
Complaints
Parent-Child
Problems
Bereavement
Marital
Problems
Academic
Problems
Job Problems
Malingering
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
What are the Consequences
of Labeling People?
Ideally, accurate diagnoses
lead to proper treatments—
but diagnoses may also
become labels that
depersonalize individuals and
ignore the social and cultural
contexts in which their
problems arise.
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
Diagnostic Labels
Depersonalization
• Results from labeling
• Depriving people of their identity and
individuality by treating them as objects
rather than as individuals
• Reinforces disturbed behavior
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved
The Plea of Insanity
Insanity
A legal term—not a psychological or
psychiatric one—referring to a person
who is unable, because of a mental
disorder or defect, to confirm his or her
behavior to the law
Copyright © 2012 Pearson Education, Inc. All rights reserved