Transcript Psychological Disorders

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©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Visualizing
Psychology
Siri Carpenter &
Karen Huffman
by
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
Chapter 13:
Psychological Disorders
Siri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Lecture Overview
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
Studying Psychological
Disorders
Anxiety Disorders
Mood Disorders
Schizophrenia
Other Disorders
How Gender and Culture
Affect Abnormal Behavior
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Studying Psychological Disorders

Abnormal Behavior: patterns of emotion,
thought, and action considered pathological
for one or more of four reasons:
• statistical infrequency
• disability or dysfunction
• personal distress
• violation of norms
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Studying Psychological Disorders:
Four Criteria for Abnormal Behavior
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Studying Psychological Disorders
(Continued)
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Historical perspectives:


In ancient times, people
believed demons were the
cause of abnormal behavior.
In the 1790s, Pinel and others began to
emphasize disease and physical illness, which
later developed into the medical model.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Studying Psychological Disorders
(Continued)

Modern
psychology
includes
seven major
perspectives
on abnormal
behavior.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Studying Psychological Disorders:
Classifying Abnormal Behavior
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The Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of
Mental Disorders (DSM-IV-TR):
•
•
provides detailed descriptions
of symptoms
contains over 200 diagnostic categories
grouped into 17 major categories and five
dimensions (or axes)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Studying Psychological Disorders:
Classifying Abnormal Behavior (Cont.)

Five Axes of DSM-IV-TR (guidelines for making
decisions about symptoms)
•
Axis I (current clinical disorders)
Axis II (personality disorders and mental
retardation)
Axis III (general medical information)
Axis IV (psychosocial and environmental problems)
•
Axis V (global assessment of functioning)
•
•
•
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. What are the four major standards for
identifying abnormal behavior?
2. The _____ provides detailed descriptions
of the key symptoms of abnormal
behavior.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Anxiety Disorders
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Anxiety Disorder: characterized
by unrealistic, irrational fear
 Five Major Anxiety Disorders
1. Generalized Anxiety
Disorder: persistent,
uncontrollable, and
free-floating anxiety
2. Panic Disorder: sudden and
inexplicable panic attacks
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Anxiety Disorders (Continued)
3. Phobia: intense, irrational
fear of a specific object or
situation
4. Obsessive-Compulsive
Disorder (OCD): intrusive,
repetitive fearful thoughts
(obsessions), urges to
perform repetitive,
ritualistic behaviors
(compulsions),
or both
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Anxiety Disorders (Continued)
5. Post Traumatic
Stress Disorder:
anxiety disorder
following
extraordinary stress
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Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Anxiety Disorders (Continued)

Explanations of Anxiety Disorders:

Psychological—faulty cognitions, maladaptive
learning

Biological—evolution, genetics, brain
functioning, biochemistry

Sociocultural—environmental stressors,
cultural socialization
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Mood Disorders
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Mood Disorders: characterized by extreme
disturbances in emotional states
Two Main Types of Mood Disorders:
•
•
Major Depressive Disorder: long-lasting
depressed mood that interferes with
the ability to function, feel pleasure,
or maintain interest in life
Bipolar Disorder: repeated
episodes of mania and depression
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Mood Disorders
(Continued)

Using this
hypothetical graph,
note how major
depressive
disorders differ
from bipolar
disorders.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Mood Disorders (Continued)

Explanations of Mood Disorders:


Biological—brain functioning,
neurotransmitter imbalances,
genetics, evolution
Psychosocial—environmental
stressors, disturbed
interpersonal relationships,
faulty thinking, poor selfconcept, learned helplessness,
faulty attributions
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. What are the five major anxiety disorders?
2. _____ are characterized by repeated
episodes of mania and depression.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Schizophrenia
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
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Schizophrenia: group of psychotic
disorders, characterized by a general
loss of contact with reality
Five areas of major disturbance:
Perception (hallucinations)
Language (word salad, neologisms)
Thoughts (psychosis, delusions)
Emotion (exaggerated or flat affect)
Behavior [unusual actions (e.g., catalepsy, waxy
flexibility)]
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Schizophrenia (Continued)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Schizophrenia (Continued)

Explanations of
Schizophrenia:


Biological--genetic
predisposition,
disruptions in
neurotransmitters,
brain abnormalities
Psychosocial--stress,
disturbed family
communication
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Schizophrenia – The Biopsychosocial
Model
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. _____ is a group of psychotic
disorders, characterized by a general
loss of contact with reality.
2. What are the three biological and two
psychological factors that may contribute
to schizophrenia?
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Other Disorders

Substance-related disorder
(abuse of, or dependence on, a moodor behavior-altering drug)

Two general groups:


Substance abuse (interferes
with social or occupational functioning)
Substance dependence (shows physical
reactions, such as tolerance and withdrawal)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Other Disorders:
Substance-Related Disorder
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Other Disorders (Continued)

People with
substance-related
disorders also
commonly suffer
from other
psychological
disorders, a
condition known as
comorbidity.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Other Disorders (Continued)

Dissociative Disorders: splitting apart (disassociation) of experience from memory or
consciousness

Types of Dissociative Disorders:
 Dissociative Amnesia
 Dissociative Fugue
 Dissociative Identity Disorder (DID)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Other Disorders (Continued)

Best known and most severe
dissociative disorder:
 Dissociative Identity
Disorder (DID): presence
of two or more distinct
personality systems in the
same person at different
times (previously known as
multiple personality
disorder)
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Other Disorders (Continued)


Personality Disorder: inflexible,
maladaptive personality traits
causing significant impairment of
social and occupational functioning
Examples of personality disorders:
 Antisocial Personality Disorder
 Borderline Personality Disorder
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Other Disorders (Continued)

Antisocial Personality Disorder: profound
disregard for, and violation of, the rights of
others
Key Traits: egocentrism,
lack of conscience,
impulsive behavior, and
superficial charm
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Other Disorders (Continued)

Explanations of Antisocial
Personality Disorder
•
Biological--genetic
predisposition, abnormal brain
functioning
Psychological--abusive
parenting, inappropriate
modeling
•
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Other Disorders (Continued)

Borderline Personality Disorder (BPD):
impulsivity and instability
in mood, relationships,
and self-image

Explanations of BPD:
Psychological—childhood history of neglect,
emotional deprivation, abuse
Biological—genetic inheritance, impaired brain
functioning
•
•
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. People with substance-related disorders
also commonly suffer from other
psychological disorders, a condition known
as ______.
2. A serial killer would likely be diagnosed as
a(n) _____ disorder.
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
How Gender and Culture Affect
Abnormal Behavior

Gender and Depression:

Women more often
depressed. Why?
Combination of biological,
psychological, and social
forces (biopsychosocial
model)
Biological
Social
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Psychological

Culture-General
Symptoms: shared
symptoms across
cultures
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology

Culture-Bound Symptoms:
unique symptoms that
differ across cultures
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
How Gender and Culture Affect
Abnormal Behavior (Continued)

•
•
•
•
Gender and Cultural Diversity:
Numerous culturally general
symptoms, but significant
differences exist in:
prevalence
form
onset
prognosis
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Pause and Reflect:
Check & Review
1. What factors contribute to the higher
incidence of depression among women than
men?
2. ____________ are shared symptoms
across cultures
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology
Visualizing
Psychology
Siri Carpenter &
Karen Huffman
by
PowerPoint  Lecture Notes Presentation
End of Chapter 13:
Psychological Disorders
Siri Carpenter, Yale University
Karen Huffman, Palomar College
©John Wiley & Sons, Inc. 2008
Carpenter/Huffman: Visualizing Psychology