Transcript The Endocrine System

The Endocrine
System
Human A & P
J. Allen
Introduction
*The Endocrine System
produces ____________ &
delivers them to cells
throughout the body
*Hormones are chemical
____________ which cause
changes in activities which
help maintain
_____________
-Maintain body function such
as blood ___________,
_____________, and
biological clocks
– Regulate growth &
development
– Influence
_______________processes
Hormone
background 101
Endocrine glands are
__________that secrete hormones
which can:
– act on neighboring cells
(_________ hormones)
EX) histamine released in
bronchioles
– Travel via the ____________to
distant cells
(____________hormones)
**Most are circulating
These cells are called
__________cells, as they contain
proteins which “recognize” the
hormone and allow it to come
inside the cell.
Hormone Background
101 (cont.)
Two Main Classes
Fat soluble– Hormone circulates
through bloodstream
– Releases hormone into
__________fluid
– Hormone diffuses into
target cell
– Alters gene function, so
that new proteins are
produced
– New proteins produce
the desired response
Hormone Background 101 (cont)
 2 main classes (cont)
 Water soluble
 Hormone circulates
through bloodstream
 Released into interstitial
fluid
nd
 __________acts as a 2
messenger, because the
hormone does not
diffuse into the target cell
 cAMP activates enzymes
which produce the
desired response
Feedback Systems and Hormones
 Hormone secretions occur
in _________bursts and
most work by
____________feedback.
 Ex) If blood sugar level gets
too high, insulin is released
by pancreas to decrease b.s.l.
However, the act of childbirth
works by positive feedback.
Q) Why?
A) A hormone called
__________stimulates the
uterus to contract during
childbirth. Do we want to
stop those contractions if it is
time?
JUST ASK HER 
Location of Endocrine Organs/Glands
Anterior Pituitary Hormones
Diseases/Disorders of Anterior Pituitary Hormones

hGH

Hypersecretion



before puberty causes
______________
(Robert Wadlow)
After puberty
causes____________
____
Hyposecretion

Causes ___________
Diseases/Disorders of Anterior Pituitary
Hormones

Hyposecretion of
Luteinizing Hormone
(LH)


Underdevelopment of
male _____
___________.
Lack of secretion of
Melanocyte Stimulating
Hormone

May cause
_____________
Posterior Pituitary Hormones

Oxytocin (OT)


Stimulates uterine
contractions during
____________.
Stimulates milk
ejection during
nursing
Posterior Pituitary Hormones


Antidiuretic Hormone (_____)
 Aka _______________
 Decreases _________ lost in
urine by returning it to the
blood via the ________
Diseases
 Hyposecretion
 Diabetes_____________—
causes people to lose too
much water .
Can urinate up to 30 L per
day. Normal urine output=
__________per day
The Pineal Gland


Secretes Melatonin
Regulates sleep
patterns
Darkness triggers
its secretion
Disorders
 SAD-___________
_________
_________
Treated with
________ therapy
Thyroid Gland Hormones

Triiodothyronine (__)
and Thyroxine (__)
Involved in regulating
BMR or _________
__________
___________, aka
resting metabolism.
 Physical growth and
development of
____________ System
 Thyroid needs
_________ to function
properly

Thyroid gland hormones

Calcitonin (___)

Decreases blood
Calcium levels by
inhibiting
____________
activity in bones
(recall, they break
down bone)
Thyroid Disorders/Diseases

Hypersecretion of T3, T4
Grave’s disease
 Symptom—exopthalmos,
or __________ _____
 Goiter
 Hyposecretion
 Congenital
Hypothyroidism—aka
Cretinism (childhood)—
nervous system under
develops, They now check
for this in newborns.

If left untreated, what
do you think could
happen?
 Myxedema (adults) facial
swelling
 Goiter
Parathyroid Glands

Parathyroid Hormone
(____)



Increase blood Calcium levels by
___________osteoclast activity in
bones
Ride piggy back on the
_________gland
DISORDERS/DISEASES

Hyposecretion

Tetany—muscle twitches
and spasms, usually of the
hands and feet, caused
by _________________
deficiency.
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
• Steroid Hormones
• Mineralcorticoids
• Aldosterone—helps maintain
__________ & _____________
concentrations within the
blood.
− In short, maintains
__________water balance.
− ______________sodium
reabsorption back into blood
– Crucial in maintaining
_________ pressure, because
excess __________________
causes hypertension
Q) Why?
A) Osmosis
− ______________potassium
reabsorption back into blood
Disorders/Diseases

Hyposecretion of Aldosterone
– Addison’s Disease
 Very rare disease, caused by the autoimmune
destruction of the Adrenal Glands.
– High levels of ____________ and _____________
In the blood, craving for ______________due to excessive
sodium loss, low ___________ ____________
Also, abnormal darkening of the skin due to elevated ACTH
levels and no cortisol production
Adrenal Cortex Hormones



Glucocorticoids
Gluco—Glucose
Corti—Cortex

Stimulates secretion of
_____________,the main
stress hormone which:
1. Increases breakdown of
protein and fat to form
_________ in the
liver
2. Acts as an antiinflammatory for
damaged tissues during
stressors such as
hemorrhage, injury.
Disorders/Diseases
−
−
Hypersecretion
−
Cushing’s Syndrome
−
Symptoms include fat
around the neck, acne,
weight gain in the upper
body
Disorders/Diseases Review
Adrenal Cortex Hormones
► Androgens
 Growth and Development of male sex
organs
 In male sex drive and performance
 Vocal cord enlargement
 spermatogenesis
 They also help to keep up sexual
function in both women and men.
 In women, most of them are changed
into ____________ by fat and muscle
cells. After _______________, when
the ovaries no longer make estrogen,
this is the main source of estrogen
made in the body.
 Hypersecretion can cause a “manly”
woman. (p. 377, A & T)
Adrenal Medulla Hormones
► Epinephrine
& Norepinephrine
 Fight or Flight Hormones, aka ______________
►Increase
blood flow to __________
►Increases ___________rate
►Dilates the _______________in the lungs so more
__________can be absorbed by blood
►Redirects blood away from the skin, digestive,
urinary, and reproductive organs to the muscles,
brain, and cardiovascular system
Pancreatic Hormones

Insulin


Released to decrease blood
_________level by moving
it into cells to be used for
energy
Produced by the ______
cells in the Islet of
Langerhans of the pancreas

HYPERSECRETION

Causes hypoglycemia, aka
low ___________ _______

People can get cranky
due to lack of glucose
to feed _________
function

Can lead to insulin
_________
Hypersecretion of Insulin

Type I Diabetes Mellitus (IDDM)



Must take insulin _________or have an insulin
_________.
Cells which produce insulin (______cells of the
pancreas) have been destroyed or never fully
developed
If muscle cells have insufficient glucose, _____ cells
are broken down

If this keeps up, ketoacidosis results (decreases ____of
blood), and death may occur
Hypersecretion of Insulin

Type II Diabetes (NIDDM)


Can be controlled by _______ & __________.
Caused by damage to receptors on target cells


No longer allow sugar to diffuse into the cells
Now considered a big health problem in the US.
Pancreatic Hormones

Glucagon
Background: glucose is
stored in the ________
as _______________ and in
the skeletal muscles. In an
emergency situation, the
body converts glycogen in
the liver to glucose by
secreting
______________from the
pancreas
 Increases blood
_________level

Gonadotrophic Hormones
Estrogen & Progesterone
Secreted by ovaries (female gonads)
Regulate ___________ _______, pregnancy, and female
sex characteristics
Relaxin
Causes dilation of __________ and relaxation of back
muscles during labor
Human Chorionic Gonadotropin (hCG)
Secreted by ___________ during pregnancy, which is
where the fetus attaches to the mother
Pregnancy test hormone, can be detected as early as the
____ day of pregnancy
_________ ___________ hormone as well
Causes __________ _______to grow and maintain itself
during pregnancy
Peaks during the 9th week
Gonadotrophic Hormones
 Testosterone

Secreted by __________ (male gonads)
• Stimulates ______________
• Involved in secondary male sex characteristics


Body hair, deep voice, broad shoulders, etc
Read p. 323, Anabolic Steroids
• List 5 reasons people should not take Anabolic
Steroids
Thymus Gland
• Secretes _________ (TH)
– Promotes the development of T-cells,
which are WBC’s that fight foreign
invaders
– Why did I choose this background for
the slide?