Transcript THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM - Coastal Bend College

THE ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
CHAPTER 13
MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY
STRUCTURES OF THE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
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PITUITARY GLAND
THYROID GLAND
PARATHYROID GLANDS
ADRENAL GLANDS
PANCREAS
THYMUS
PINEAL GLAND
GONADS
THE SECRETIONS OF THE
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM
• The endocrine system secretes a substance
we call hormones
• What are hormones?
• Hormones are a chemical product of a gland
that exerts its effect in an organ at a distant
site.
• The chemical is carried by the blood system
to the distant organ
PITUITARY GLAND
• Sometimes called the
master gland
• Acts in response to
stimuli from the
hypothalamus
• Contains two distinct
lobes
– Anterior pituitary gland
– Posterior pituitary gland
ANTERIOR LOBE
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ANTERIOR LOBE
Secretes several
hormones
Thyroid-stimulating
hormone
Adrenocorticotropic
hormone
Follicle-stimulating
hormone
• Luteinizing
Hormone
• Lactogenic
hormone
• Growth hormone
• Melanocytestimulating
hormone
POSTERIOR LOBE
• Posterior lobe
secretes two
hormones
• Antidiuretic
hormone
• Oxytocin
THYROID GLAND
• A critical yet perplexing organ
• Thyroid hormone controls our entire
metabolic system
• Controlled by the hypothalamus and
pituitary glands
• Secretes two thyroid hormones
– Thyroxin (T4) and Triiodothyronine (T3)
– Calcitonin
THYROID GLAND
DISEASES
• Diseases are quite common and affect both
sexes
• Hyperthyroidism--an overactive thyroid which
means the metabolism is entirely too brisk
• Graves disease--the body inappropriately
creates antibodies that attach to the thyroid
• Hypothyroidism--the gland isn’t producing
enough of the thyroid hormones
PARATHYROID GLANDS
• USUALLY 4 OF THEM
• SECRETES A
HORMONE CALLED
THE PARATHYROID
HORMONE
• REGULATES THE
AMOUNT OF
CALCIUM IN THE
BLOOD
ADRENAL GLANDS
ADRENAL CORTEX
• Secretes a group of
hormones called
corticoids which
include
• Aldosterone
• Hydrocortisone
• Androgens
ADRENAL
MEDULLA
• Secretes two
hormones
• Epinephrine or
adrenaline
• Norepinephrine or
noradrenaline
PANCREAS
• Contain special cells
called the islets of
Langerhans
• Plays a major role in the
metabolism of sugars
and starches
• Secretes insulin that
regulates the transport
of glucose and glucagon
DIABETES MELLITUS
• A metabolic disorder that is the result of
inadequate secretion of insulin by the
pancreas.
• Several types of diabetes
– Insulin-dependent diabetes
– Non-insulin-dependent diabetes
– Gestational diabetes
INSULIN-DEPENDENT
DIABETES
• Commonly called type I diabetes
• A Disease that affects the way your body
uses food
• Your body destroys the cells in the pancreas
that produce insulin
• Generally must tape shots
• There is no direct known cause of diabetes
SYMPTOMS OF DIABETES
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High levels of sugar in the blood & urine
Frequent urination
Extreme hunger
Extreme thirst
Extreme weight loss
Weakness and tiredness
Mood changes
Sick to the stomach
NON-INSULIN-DEPENDENT
DIABETES
• The most common type of diabetes
• Called Type 2 diabetes
• Your body does not make enough insulin or
still makes insulin but can’t properly use it
• Usually occurs in people over 45 and
overweight
SYMPTOMS OF TYPE 2
DIABETES
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Increased thirst
Increased need to urinate
Feel edgy and tired
Sick to the stomach
May have increased appetite, but lose weight
Hard to heal infections
Blurred vision
Dry, itchy skin
ADDITIONAL DIABETIC
PROBLEMS
• HYPOGLYCEMIA--LOW BLOOD
SUGAR
• HYPERGLYCEMIA--HIGH BLOOD
SUGAR
• KETOACIDOSIS--A DIABETIC COMA
WHAT IS INSULIN
• Inside the pancreas, beta cells make the protein insulin
• With each meal, beta cells release insulin.
• Insulin takes the sugars that your body creates during
the digestion of food and carries these sugar into the
cells.
• There are almost 30 types of insulin made in the US
• Insulin comes from either animals or is made in labs by
bacteria that have gene instructions to make human
insulin
THE THYMUS
• Located behind the
sternum
• Plays a critical part in
the body’s defense
mechanism
• Secretes the hormone
thymosin
THE PINEAL GLAND
• Produces a number
of hormones in
small quantities
• Secretes Melatonin
• Secretes Serotonin
GONADS
Are the ovaries and
testes which are the
gamete or egg
producing glands.
They secrete several
hormones
• Estrogen
• Progesterone
• Testosterone
STEROIDS
• Hormones produces
by the body
• Medications taken by
humans to duplicate
the actions of these
hormones
• Anabolic Steroids