Transcript Energy Notes (part 1)

Energy in Earth Processes
Unit 4
What is Energy?
Energy is _____________________________
the ability to do work
Everything that is done in the universe involves
the _______________________________
use or transfer of energy
Most of Earth’s surface processes are powered
by energy from the sun
______________
Electromagnetic Energy
• Electromagnetic energy is a type of energy that
radiated or given off
is ___________________
in a form of
transverse waves
• Transverse waves:
______________________________________
Waves that vibrate at
______________________________________
right angles in the
__________________
direction in which they
are moving
__________
Transverse Waves
Crest
Wavelength
Amplitude
Trough
Direction of Travel
Electromagnetic Energy
Visible light waves
______________________
are a type of
electromagnetic energy that is radiated by the
sun and observed with the human eye –
This is the ONLY part of the electromagnetic
spectrum that can be seen by the human eye!
Characteristics and Types of
Electromagnetic Energy
Different types of electromagnetic energy are
different wavelengths
distinguished by their _____________________
The wavelength is the distance from __________
one crest of
a wave to the next crest
______________________
The electromagnetic
_____________________shows
us the
spectrum
different types of electromagnetic energy in
order of __________________
wavelength
increasing
Where can you find the electromagnetic
spectrum chart?????
Relationship Between
Wavelength & Frequency
Long Wavelength
Low Frequency
Short Wavelength
High Frequency
Electromagnetic energy can be separated into
two groups by comparing it wavelengths to visible
light
Electromagnetic energy
with a wavelength
longer than visible light is called:
Long-wave
electromagnetic energy
__________________________
Electromagnetic energy with a wavelength
wave
shorter than visible light is called a: short
___________
Interactions of Electromagnetic Energy
When electromagnetic energy comes into contact
with a material, the waves interact with the
material. These interactions are as follows:
Refracted
1. _________________:
Bent in their passage
through materials or varying density
Reflected
2.___________________:
Bounced off the
material
Scattered
3. ___________________:
Refracted or reflected
in various directions
Refraction:
Reflection:
Interactions of Electromagnetic Energy
Transmitted
4. _________________:
Passed through the
material
5. __________________:
Taken into the material
Absorbed
Absorption
Characteristics of a surface determine the
amount of electromagnetic energy that can be
______________________________________
absorbed
________
Example: The darker the color of the surface
more visible light it will absorb
material, the __________________________
Absorption
The ______________
texture
or roughness or
smoothness of a surface also affects the
amount of electromagnetic energy that will be
absorbed
The _________________,
rougher a surface is the more energy it will
absorb and the less it will reflect
Absorption
The more effective a material is at absorbing
electromagnetic energy, the better it will also be
or giving off electromagnetic energy
at radiating
______________________________
TEMP
TEMP
Transfer of Energy
Energy moves from a region of high
concentration or _______
source to a region of
low concentration
___________________or
sink
Transfer of energy from a region of higher
temperature to a region of lower temperature is
heat energy
called ____________________
Heat transfers ___________________
, which is
thermal energy
the energy of the motions of atoms and
molecules
Dynamic Equilibrium
Heat will continue to move from the source to the
energies are equal
sink until their _________________establishing
a __________________
dynamic equilibrium
At dynamic equilibrium, a region loses and gains
________________________
equal amounts of energy
Methods of Transfer
Conduction
2
Convection
1
3
Radiation
Methods of Transfer
Heat is transferred from an area of high
concentration to an area of low concentration
by three different methods:
#1 __________________
- The transfer of heat
Conduction
energy from atom to atom or molecule to
molecule when vibrating atoms collide
Most effective in _________________________
solids (especially metals)
because the atoms or molecules are closer
together than in__________________
liquids or gases
• CONDUCTION ANIMATION
Methods of Transfer
#2 __________________
The transfer of heat by
Convection
movement in fluids – __________________
gases and liquids caused by differences in density
Warmer portions of fluid tend to have
rise above the
lower densities and tend to _____________
_____________
cooler portions
_______________
• CONVECTION ANIMATION
Methods of Transfer
Higher-density portions of fluid are pulled down
displace less dense objects
and _______________________pushing
them
upwards
convection current
****The result is ___________________*****
Convection current: A circulatory motion that
transfers _______________________________
heat energy from one place to another
Convection Current
Sea Breeze
Land Breeze
Methods of Transfer
• #3 __________________
The method by which
Radiation
heat is transferred via electromagnetic
waves (ex. Light rays passing through window)
Can occur in____________________
liquids, solids and gases and does
not require ___________________________
a medium to transfer the energy
• RADIATION ANIMATION
• Animation
Transformation of Energy
A transformation of energy is the changing of
______________________________________
one type of energy into another type of energy
Mechanical Energy:
1. All the energy of an object or system
_____________________________________
not related to the motions of the atoms and
molecules
________
2. The total of the ________________________
potential and kinetic energy
of an object or system
Transformation of Energy
Kinetic
__________________:
An object in motion has
this type of energy
Potential
__________________:
Energy related to position
or phase; Also thought of as “stored” energy
Either kinetic or potential energy can be
_________________________
transformed into the other
Examples of Kinetic and Potential Energy
• Frog sitting on lily pad
• Frog jumping into the water
• Baseball pitcher standing at the mound
• Baseball pitcher throwing a pitch
• Child sitting on top of a playground slide
• Child going down a slide
One of the best examples!
• Video
Temperature and Heat
The temperature of an object is directly related to
of heat or thermal energy in the
the amount ___________________________
object or region
_____________
average kinetic
Temperature: A measure of the _____________
energy
of the particles of a body of matter
_________________________________
- NOT A TYPE OF ENERGY!!
Temperature and Heat
The greater the average kinetic energy of the
particles of matter, the __________________
higher the
temperature
____________
Specific Heat: The quantity of heat needed
to raise the temperature of 1g of any substance
______________________________________
1°C
_____
Specific heat can also be thought of as the
resistance a material has heating or cooling
_____________________to
off
Liquid water has the highest specific
Example:___________
heat of naturally occurring substances
Animation
Question
Equal masses of lead, granite, basalt, and
water at 5°C are exposed to equal
quantities of heat energy. Which would be
the first to show a temperature rise of
10°C?
1.Lead
2.Granite
3.Basalt
4.Water
Changes of State
Matter can exist in three different states:
Solid liquid and gas
_____,_____,_________
An increase or decrease in energy and
temperature of matter can cause the matter to
_____________________________
change from one state to another
Examples of Phases
Melting
1. _________________:
Changing from solid to
liquid
Solidification
2. _______________:
Changing from liquid to
solid (aka freezing)
Evaporation
3. ________________:
Changing from liquid to gas
or vapor
Examples of Phases
Condensation
4. _________________:
Changing of gas or
vapor to a liquid
Sublimation
5. _______________:
Changing of gas
DIRECTLY to solid
When a material is going through a phase
change, its temperature will remain
_______________
the same
as it is heated
(the heat energy is not increasing the kinetic
energy of the atoms or molecules)
In order for a change of state to occur from solid
to liquid, or from liquid to gas, the substance
gain heat
must _____________________________
In order for a change of state to occur from a gas
to liquid, or from liquid to a solid, the substance
must______________________________
lose stored heat
• Animation
Where can you find information
about energy gained/lost during
phase changes for water??
Sample Questions
Water loses energy when it changes phase
from:
A. Liquid to solid
B. Solid to liquid
C. Liquid to gas
D. Solid to gas
Sample Questions
During which phase change will the greatest
amount of energy be absorbed by 1 gram
of water?
A. Melting
B. Freezing
C. Evaporation
D. Condensation