Transcript Energy - Mrs. Byrnes Science Class

Physical Science
States of Matter
Kinetic & Potential Energy
Energy Transfer (radiation,
conduction & convection)
6th Grade GLCE’s
6th Grade Science Companion Document
Critically Important/State
Assessable Vocabulary
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energy transfer
heat transfer
states of matter
conduction
convection
radiation
kinetic energy
potential energy
atoms
molecules
mass
closed system
transformation
P.CM.M.1
Changes in State – Matter changing from state to state
can be explained by using models, which show that matter is
composed of tiny particles in motion. When changes of state occur,
the atoms and/or molecules are not changed in structure. When the
changes in state occur, mass is conserved because matter is not
created or destroyed.
P.EN.M.1
Kinetic and Potential Energy – Objects and substances
in motion have kinetic energy. Objects and substances may have
potential energy due to their relative positions in a system.
Gravitational, elastic, and chemical energy are all forms of potential
energy.
P.EN.M.4
Energy Transfer – Different forms of energy can be
transferred from place to place by radiation, conduction, or
convection. When energy is transferred from one system to another,
the quantity of energy before the transfer is equal to the quantity of
energy after the transfer.
P.CM.M.1 Changes in State
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Matter changing from state to state can be explained
by using models, which show that matter is
composed of tiny particles in motion. When changes
of state occur, the atoms and/or molecules are not
changed in structure. When the changes in state
occur, mass is conserved because matter is not
created or destroyed.
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P.CM.06.11
Describe and illustrate changes in state, in terms of
arrangement and relative motion of the atoms or molecules.
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P.CM.06.12
Explain how mass is conserved as a substance
changes from state to state in a closed system.
P.CM.M.1 Changes in State
Kids~ Read the underlined words out loud.
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Matter changing from state to state can be explained
by using models, which show that matter is
composed of tiny particles in motion.
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When changes of state occur, the atoms and/or
molecules are not changed in structure.
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When the changes in state occur, mass is conserved
because matter is not created or destroyed.
Kids~ Fill in the missing words.
Matter changing from state to state can be explained
by using _________, which show that _________ is
composed of tiny __________in ________.
When changes of state occur, the ________ and/or
____________ are not changed in __________.
When the changes in state occur, _______is conserved
because _________ is not created or _________.
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Eureka Video
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Bill Nye – Phases of Matter (22min)
P.CM.06.11
Describe and illustrate changes in state, in terms of
arrangement and relative motion of the atoms or molecules.
P.CM.06.12
Explain how mass is conserved as a substance
changes from state to state in a closed system.
Atoms & Molecules
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Atom – The smallest particle of matter that retains all
characteristics of that matter, consisting of a nucleus
containing protons and neutrons surrounded by circling
electrons.
Molecules – A combination of atoms.
Element – A pure substance made of only 1 type of
molecule. Found on the Periodic Table. Combinations of
elements are the building blocks of all matter.
Compounds - Made up of two or more atoms chemically
bonded together. A formula can be written.
Atoms & Molecules
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Atom – The _________ particle of matter that retains all
characteristics of that matter, consisting of a ________
containing ________ and _________ surrounded by circling
____________.
Molecules – A combination of _________.
Element – A ______ substance made of only 1 type of
molecule. Found on the _________ Table. Combinations
of elements are the building blocks of all _______.
Compounds - Made up of two or more ______ chemically
bonded together. A __________ can be written.
Periodic Table
Basics
http://www.chem4kids.com/files/elem_intro.h
tml
http://www.learner.org/interactives/periodic/
Changes in State (of Matter)
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There are 3 major states of matter, they
are…
Solids
 Liquids
 Gasses
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In all three states of matter, molecules are
in constant motion.
Solids
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In a solid, relatively strong forces are
exerted between the molecules, so the
molecules of the material vibrate
slowly.
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Solids, therefore, have a definite shape
and volume.
Solids
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In a _________, relatively strong forces
are exerted between the molecules, so
the molecules of the material vibrate
slowly.
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Solids, therefore, have a definite shape
and volume.
Phases of matter - solids
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Definite shape
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Definite volume
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Rigid 3-D structure
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Atoms/molecules
bonded in place
Liquids
When heat energy is added, the
molecules vibrate faster as they absorb
the energy.
 At the melting temperature of the
material, the molecules have gained
enough energy, so that they can slip
and slide past each other.
 The material is now a liquid.
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Phases of matter - liquids
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Definite volume
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Indefinite shape
Gasses
Liquids still have a definite volume, but
take the shape of their container.
 When more heat energy is added, the
motion of the molecules within the
liquid increases, until some of the
molecules overcome the forces,
becoming a gas.
 The liquid has now evaporated to a gas.
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Phases of matter - gases
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Indefinite volume and shape
Molecules mostly not in contact
Allowed motions
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Vibration and rotation (molecules with more than one
atom)
Translation on random, mostly free paths
The reverse is also true
Gas molecules are separated by
relatively great distances and move
about freely.
 Gases take the shape and volume of
their container.
 Conversely, when enough energy is
lost from gas molecules, they
condense into the liquid phase.
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Activity
Arrange students from class as atoms in a
gas, then atoms in a liquid and finally
atoms in a solid.
Discuss the properties of each phase of
matter.
And yet another phase of matter…
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Plasma is another phase of matter that is
sometimes recognized by scientists.
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It is a state above the gas phase.
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Click the link to see another explanation of the
states of matter.
 http://www.chem4kids.com/files/matter_states.html
Condensation
Freezing
Contract
more heat energy
less heat energy
+E
-E
States of Matter
warmer
Plasma
colder
Gas
Liquid
Solid
(water vapor)
(water)
(ice)
No definite shape
No definite shape
Definite shape
No definite volume
Definite volume
Definite volume
Evaporation
Melting
Expand
BEC
Contract
+E
-E
warmer
colder
Plasma
BEC
Expand
Describe and illustrate changes in state, in terms of arrangement and relative
motion of the atoms or molecules.
From the Concord Consortium:
SolidLiquidGasStates of Matter-
Describe and illustrate changes in state, in terms of arrangement and relative motion of
the atoms or molecules.
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Make a student model of solids, liquids &
gasses.
Atomic Simulations!
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States of Matter Basics
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Build An Atom
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Build A Molecule
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Balloons & Static Electricity
P.CM.06.12
Explain how mass is conserved as a substance changes
from state to state in a closed system.
Kids~
In complete sentences, clearly explain
how mass (the amount of molecules) is
conserved as a subject changes from
state to state in a closed system.
(We will discuss first.)
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Heat/Energy
Transfer
United Streaming Video
Temperature
A measure of the internal energy
of an object, or how fast the
molecules in a substance are
moving.
Measured in degrees, using a
thermometer.
Example: A flame is hotter than a
radiator.
Heat
Movement of energy from 1 place
to another. Flows from hot to cold
only.
Depends on the number of
molecules in a substance.
Measured in calories/Calories
*calorie – amount of energy
required to raise 1g of water
1degree Celsius.
*Calorie – amount of energy
required to raise 1Kg of water 1
degree Celsius.
Example: a radiator can heat a
room more easily than a candle
because it contains more
molecules.
Heat Transfer
Three mechanisms for heat transfer due to a
temperature difference.
1.
2.
3.
Conduction
Convection
Radiation
Natural flow is always from higher temperature
regions to cooler ones.
3 Methods of Energy Transfer
We could pop popcorn by
using each of the
transfer methods.
(1) Pop popcorn in a pan
on the stove –
conduction
(2) Pop popcorn in a hot air
popcorn popper –
convection
(3) Pop popcorn in the
microwave –
radiation.
Three Methods of
Heat/Energy Transfer
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Heat always goes from hot to cold.
Heat is movement of energy from a warmer
object to a cooler object.
Conduction
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What happens as a spoon
heats up in a pot of soup?
The heat is transported from
the hot soup and the pot to the
particles in the spoon.
The particles near the bottom
of the spoon vibrates faster as
they are heated, so they bump
into other particles as they
travel through the handle of
the spoon and pot.
Soon the handle will be too hot
to hold!
Usually associated with solids.
Conductors vs Insulators
Conductor – Transfers energy easily.
(example – metals)
Insulator – Does NOT transfer energy easily.
(example – plastics, paper, glass)
These terms are opposites.
Convection
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Conduction heats up the spoon, but how does the
soup inside the pot heat up? Heat transfer involving
the movement of fluids- liquids and gases- it is
called convection.
During convection, heat particles of fluids begin to
flow transferring heat energy from one part of the
fluid to another.
Convection and Density
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The warmer particles are
moving faster, they
spread out more.
So they are less dense
and rise.
After giving their energy
to the cooler fluid at the
top, they are now cooler
and more dense. More
dense fluids sink.
Convection Currents Diagram
Convection Currents
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The heating and cooling of the fluid, changes in
the fluid’s density, and the force of gravity
combine to place the currents in motion.
Convection currents continue as long as heat is
added. Without heat the currents will stop
when all of the material has reached the same
temperature. However, heat from the Earth’s
mantle and core causes the currents to form in
the asthenosphere.
Specific Heat
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What heats up faster the land or the
ocean?
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Simulation
Radiation
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Heat transfer by radiation
takes place with no direct
contact between a heat
source of an object.
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Will transfer through the
vacuum of space. Matter is
not required.
Radiation
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Other familiar forms of
radiation include the heat
you feel around a flame or
open fire. Radiation also
enables sunlight to warm
Earth’s surface.
3 Types of Heat Transfer
Convection
Fluids
(liquids &
gasses)
Heat
transferred by
current – heat
rises /cool falls.
Conduction
Solids
Radiation
No
matter
required.
Heat
transferred from Heat
adjacent
transferred
objects.
through space.
3 Types of Heat Transfer
__________
Fluids
(liquids &
gasses)
Heat
transferred by
current – heat
rises /cool falls.
____________
Solids
____________
No
matter
required.
Heat
transferred from Heat
adjacent
transferred
objects.
through space.
P.CM.06.12
Explain how mass is conserved as a substance changes
from state to state in a closed system.
Kids~
In complete sentences, clearly explain
how different forms of energy can be
transferred from place to place by
radiation, convection & conduction,
(examples of each) how when that energy
is transferred the quantity of energy
remains the same.
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Potential and Kinetic Energy
Eureka Video!
Focus!
P.EN.06.11
Identify kinetic or potential energy in
everyday situations (for example: stretched rubber
band, objects in motion, ball on a hill, food energy).
P.EN.06.12
Demonstrate the transformation
between potential and kinetic energy in simple
mechanical systems (for example: roller coasters,
pendulums).
P.EN.M.1
Kinetic and Potential
Energy
Kids~ Please put your pencils down. Read the underlined words out
loud.
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Objects and substances in motion have
kinetic energy.
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Objects and substances may have potential
energy due to their relative position in a
system.
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Gravitational, elastic, and chemical energy
are all forms of potential energy.
Kids~ Fill in the missing words.
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Objects and substances in _________ have
_________________.
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Objects and substances may have ___________due
to their relative _________ in a system.
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Gravitational, elastic, and chemical energy are all
forms of ____________.
How is all energy divided?
All Energy
Potential
Energy
Gravitational
Potential
Energy
Elastic
Potential
Energy
Kinetic
Energy
Chemical
Potential
Energy
How is all energy divided?
All Energy
SMART Notebook
SMART Exchange Notebook Lesson –
Kinetic & Potential Energy
Energy Simulations!
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Energy Forms & Changes
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Ph-Et Skatepark Simulatio (basic)
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Skateboard Park
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Roller Coaster Simulation – Discover! Simulations
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Forces & Motion Basics
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Ramp Forces & Motion
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Pendulum Lab
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Projectile Motion
Kinetic & Potential Energy
Kids~
Create a Venn Diagram comparing
gravitational potential, elastic potential and
chemical potential energy and giving an
example of each.
Elastic Potential Energy
Gravitational Potential Energy
Chemical Potential Energy
Kids~
Using what you know and the Venn
Diagram from the previous question,
clearly explain how gravitational, elastic
and chemical energy are 3 types of
potential energy and give examples of
each.
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